不应放过每一个能帮助别人的机会

不应放过每一个能帮助别人的机会



那是一位老师告诉我的故事，让我自己明白在人世间，其实不应该放过每一个能够帮助别人的机会，也许你早已忘记，但这种光，却可以温暖一个个冷漠的心灵。

也许你只付一点点微不足道的爱，就可改变人的一生。星星之火，可以燎原，而且星星之火，也可以照亮人的整个生命，也许就是一个不起眼的瞬间，奇迹发生了。

多年前的一天，这位老师正在家里睡午觉，突然电话铃响了，她接过来一听，里面传来一个陌生粗暴的声音：“你家的孩子偷书，现在被我们捉住了，你快来啊!不然……”

她回头望了一眼正在看电视的唯一女儿，心中立即就明白过来，肯定是有一位女孩因为偷书被售货员抓住了，而又不肯让家人知道，所以，胡扯了一个电话号码，才碰巧到这里。犹豫了片刻之后，她问清了书店的地址，匆匆忙忙赶了过去。

正如她预料的那样，在书店里站着一位满脸泪痕的女孩，而旁边的大人们，正恶狠狠地大声斥责着。她一下子冲上去，将那个可怜的小女孩搂在怀里，转身对旁边的售货员说：“有什么事就跟我说吧，我是她妈，不要吓着孩子，事已经发生了，我们要静心地处理”。

在售货员不情愿的嘀咕声中，她交清了28元的罚款，将小女孩领到家中，好好清洗了一下，什么都没问，就让小女孩离开了。临走时，她还特意叮嘱道：“如果你要看书，就到阿姨这里，里面有好多书呢”。

惊魂未定的小女孩深深地看了她一眼，便飞一般地跑掉了，从此便再也没有出现。

多年以后，有一天中午，门外响起了一阵敲门声。当她打开房门后，看到了一位年轻漂亮的女孩，露着满脸的笑容，手里还拎着一大堆礼物。

“你找谁?”她疑惑地问着，但女孩却激动地说出一大堆话来，原来她就是当年的那个女孩，现在已经大学毕业，特意来看望这位老师。

女孩眼睛泛着泪光，轻声说道：“虽然我至今都不明白，你为什么愿意充当我妈妈，解脱了我，但我总觉得，这么多年来，一直好想喊你一声妈妈”。

老师的眼睛也开始模糊起来，她有些好奇地问道：“如果我不管你，会发生怎样结果呢?”

女孩的脸上变得阴沉起来，轻轻摇头说：“我说不清楚，也许就会去做傻事，……甚至去死?”

老师的心中猛地一颤，望着女孩脸上幸福的笑容，她也笑了。

“但行好事，莫问前程”。从我们自己做起吧。



　

野百合也有属于自己的春天
瞎子老鼠
达真堪布：末法时期要把握听经闻法的机会
只要多说一句话,就能种下很多善果
伸出援助的手
成功属于有心人
机遇有时就差那么一点点
求人办事的技巧
净空法师：要为众生,要为正法久住
一碗白饭的恩情
人与人之间要有一份和敬
口诵而不解其义
伐树取果
还款之德,还子之义
放逸的祸害
傲慢与偏见
用心诚恳
女子出定
紫磨金盘
拔提释王作比丘缘
几位古大德的大悲咒感应
丈夫的木讷
无着得道
救人就是救己
都是归于你
百忍成金

真实的唐三藏--玄奘大师

真实的唐三藏--玄奘大师




曾经统治古代印度的戒日王向全印度发出敕命，命印度知识界、学术界、思想界、宗教界的一切有识之士，共赴曲女城，参加他亲自举办的无遮大会。这个大会是为来自中国的一名僧人举行的。无遮大会，就是无论僧俗、贵贱，一律平等参加的大会。在这个大会上，任何人都可以自由发表自己的见解，只要他得到公众的认可，他就会成为法会之主，从而成为印度宗教界的领袖。这名中国僧人是这个无遮大会的论主。这意味着，他将接受来自个整个印度的所有学有专长，身怀绝技的人们的挑战。古代印度是佛教的发源地，到戒日王时期，佛教得到了充分地发展，高僧辈出，弘法遍及印度各地。在这样的情况下，一名中国僧人要想获得全印度的承认，摘取无遮大会的法主桂冠，谈何容易。

敕命颁布之后，过了近一个月，全印度的有识之士纷纷来到曲女城，参加无遮大会。五印度的十八国王全部到会，著名的印度佛教圣地那烂陀寺也派千余名高僧参加法会。此时，曲女城内人声鼎沸，参加法会的达一万多人。

佛教历史上著名的无遮大会就这样开始了。

按照惯例，这种大会，会期为十八天。在十八天中，只要有人对论主提出的众多论点中的一个论点提出疑问，并能够把它驳倒，论主就必须当场割掉舌头，向众人谢罪。参加大会的众人，也都是带着要向论主提出挑战的想法来到曲女城的。

这位中国僧人将自己所写的包含法相唯识精义的《会宗论》和《制恶见论》用大字书写，高悬于会场之上，接受众人的提问。在这十八天中，印度各地的高明人士向这名中国僧人提出了一个又一个的问题，中国僧人引经据典，侃侃而谈，把这些问题一一做了圆满的解答。

无遮大会结束了。这名中国僧人终于被整印度人所接受，成为来自异邦的佛教领袖。举行大会的戒日王非常高兴，赏赐给参加大会的众人许多财物。又命几个大臣，拿着这名中国僧人袈裟，到各地巡游，演唱宣传，把中国法师在曲女城大会的空前成就宣告众人。这时印度各派僧人共同欢庆，祝贺佛法大兴。大乘教派的僧人们，给这名中国僧人共同加了个称号——“大乘天”；小乘教派则称其为“解脱天”。声誉之隆，无可复加。

这位扬名异域的中国僧人，就是唐初的著名僧人，中国佛教四个译经师之一，被尊为“三藏法师”的玄奘。

玄奘俗姓陈，原名祎，洛州缑氏县游仙乡凤凰谷陈村(今河南偃师县陈河村)人。隋开皇二十年，出生在一个官宦之家，祖上几代，都曾在朝庭为官。祖父陈康，曾做北齐的国子博士，父亲陈惠，也曾任隋朝的江陵县令，后解职还乡玄奘五岁时，母亲即已去世。

玄奘兄弟四人，他排行最末。他的二哥陈素，早年出家，法名长捷。二哥精通佛典，又熟读老庄，人称“释门栋干”。玄奘十岁时，父亲病故。第二年，玄奘随二哥长捷一同到净土寺。

玄奘幼年时就聪明异常。进净土寺后，在哥哥的指导下学习佛经。他聪明好学，十一岁时就能背诵《经摩经》、《法华经》。而且懂得了持律自守。

一天，净土寺的众僧在诵经做功课，时间一长，僧人们就走了神。此时又赶上住持不在，众僧于是放下手中的佛经，谈论起一些有趣的事来。正当众僧谈得兴致浓厚，吵闹声不绝于耳时，只听得有一人高声断喝：

“佛经上不是说过吗？出家人要远离世俗，追求佛法。你们怎么能做这种游戏呢？这真是一种极大的浪费!”

众僧抬头一看，只见他们面前站着一个神色凛然，面容清峻的男孩。众僧都为此而羞愧不已。顿时谈笑之声消失，众僧又认真地读起经来。

此时，东都洛阳大兴佛法，有许多法师到此宣讲佛经。玄奘每讲必听不误，听完之后就认真思索。在众人还对所讲佛经有所疑惑时，玄奘却能够升座讲法，而且解释经理头头是道，众人对他赞叹不已。

炀帝大业末年，饥荒连年，又加上炀帝骄奢淫逸，各地起义不断，天下大乱。洛阳成为当时混乱的中心地区。于是玄奘和哥哥长捷法师离开了洛阳，向西行进。

玄奘和长捷走到长安时，听说京中的道基的道法高深，于是他们前去投奔，住在长安的庄严寺，向道基学习佛法。玄奘的聪明和智慧使道基非常吃惊。道基常叹息说：

“我过去曾经到过许多讲经之处，从来就没有见过如此聪明的少年！”

也就是从这时起，玄奘开始了周游各地，学习佛经的漫漫旅程。

玄奘和长捷在长城听说蜀地比较安宁，且聚集了许多高憎。

他们就沿着当年诸葛亮修建起来的剑阁楼道，历尽千辛万苦，来到成都。到成都时，隋已被大唐所灭。

在成都，玄奘听法师讲阿毗昙论，一听不忘，被当时的人们称为奇迹。玄奘每说出话来，都表达了深刻的佛理，就同修行了多年的高僧一样。婆沙论，杂心论等，在东方流传很广，而且版本众多，每论大约有十多种。玄奘对这些不同的版本都能熟记在心，不会产生丝毫的混乱，而且他能够论述每个版本论述佛理上的得失。众僧对他的超常的智慧感到惊奇。

在蜀地，有一个高僧，名叫景，精通摄论，人们称他为“难加人”。拜他求学的人众多。但他所讲述的摄论之义有十二种之多。他讲经的习惯是，他边讲边让众人修炼阅读。然而经义繁杂，听讲者都感到很混乱，可玄奘一听就记住了，而且没有一点儿错误。当玄奘上座讲述时，引用摄论中的论述不用看书，好象他已研究了很长时间。

武德(唐高李渊的年号)五年，玄奘在成都受了具足戒，正式出家为僧，这时他二十一岁。

玄奘在蜀地遍求佛法，名声大振，但他对此并不满足。他立志要学遍华夏大地，以求得正法。他曾说：

“学经贵在理解经的奥妙之义，重在修持求证。如果只在一个地方学习，是不能求得经的精髓的。”

于是玄奘决定离开巴蜀，去其它各地继续学法。他的哥哥长捷法师深知玄奘的远大志向，对他的决定表示赞同。玄奘辞别众人，沿着大江和峡谷走出巴蜀。沿途走过荆州、杨州，接着又北上燕赵。他先后向道深、慧休等人学习佛法。玄奘每到一处，他的名声就在那里传播。

后来，玄奘又到京师向道岳法常和僧辩学习佛法。在向法常学法时，玄奘一次向他提出了十个问题。这十个问题，个个切中佛经的奥妙之义。玄奘又一次名振京师。

仆射宋萧璃非常佩服玄奘的才华，他奏请皇帝，让玄奘住在庄严寺。这也并非玄奘的本意。玄奘对他说：

“我周游吴蜀，走遍燕赵，历访周秦各地，为的是学习佛法。中国现在流行的佛法，我已蕴藏于胸中。但我国法师，所说义理，往往各执己见，派别分争激烈，对于佛法的流传非常不利。而且各种佛经的译文又欠缺完备。我想亲自读一读那些原始的佛经版本，然后再返回中土来传播。这样才能够使佛法得到振兴。我为此已将生命置之度外，誓死求得正法。”

玄奘于是开始了西去求法的准备工作。他先是在京城各处向各蕃地的人学习他们的语言，接着又向朝庭奏请西行，但没有得到批准。但玄奘并不灰心，而一边静坐修炼，一边等待西去的时机。

贞观（唐太宗年号）三年，霜害成灾。太宗传旨，让百姓自谋生路。玄奘借着这个机会，开始西去求法的艰难而漫长的征程。

玄奘先到姑臧，然后到敦煌。玄奘从敦煌要向西行时，只见眼前沙海茫茫，无边无际。玄奘只得绕道到高昌（今新疆吐鲁番一带)，打算从高昌西行。

这天晚上，高昌王麹文泰领着妃子和众大臣，在殿前等待玄奘的到来，高昌王的母亲也出来迎接玄奘。高昌王信奉佛教，商人和旅客们早把玄奘的名声传到了西域。当他得知玄奘要到高昌时，就亲自来迎候这位来自东土的高僧。

高昌王和众人手举着火把，静静地伫立在大殿的院子里，人们的眼睛都注视通往东方的大道。半夜时分，玄奘进入高昌城。这时，高昌城内，被千万个熊熊燃烧的火炬照得如同白昼。众人簇拥着衣衫褴褛、面色憔悴的玄奘走向大殿。高昌王急忙走上前去，拉住玄奘的手。此时的玄奘，衣衫被流出的汗水浸湿，上面沾满了灰尘。但玄奘神情振奋，两眼炯炯有神。高昌王激动不已：

“久闻大师法名，今日与大师相见，真是三生有幸。”

国母、众王妃以及诸大臣都前来与玄奘相见，高昌城内欢声笑语，人们在欢迎着这位东土高僧的到来。

玄奘向高昌王讲明自己西行的目的，高昌王和众人感动不已。高昌王希望玄奘地高昌呆一段时间，玄奘想到要为继续西行做更充分的准备，就答应了高昌王的请求，在高昌开讲法席。高昌王的母亲非常喜欢这位佛法高深，品行端正的高僧，就认玄奘为自己的儿子，高昌王认玄奘为自己的弟弟。玄奘在高昌给僧俗开讲了仁王等佛经，听讲者塞满了寺庙的院子。他的讲述，条理清晰，能够揭示佛经的微妙含义，听讲的人都说这是前所未闻的。高昌五和众人都希望玄奘留下来，在高昌弘扬佛法。玄奘对高昌王说：

“我离乡背井，不惜生命，是为了西行求得正法。如果我留在此地，求法之愿不能实现，如不让我西行，我宁愿死在此地。”

玄奘为此而三天不食，以示自己的决心。高昌王知道玄奘的志向不可动摇，就答应了玄奘西去的请求。高昌王为玄奘西行进行了充分地准备。高昌王赠给玄奘黄金一百两，银钱三万，绫帛五百匹，作为一路的费用。为了使玄奘路途顺利，高昌又写了二十四封书信，每信附赠绫一匹，给玄奘所要经过的二十四个国家的国王，让他们为玄奘西行提供方便。当时，西突厥叶护可汗的势力遍级大雪山以北六十多国，高昌想到玄奘西行不能没有他的关照。高昌王又特备绫绢五百匹、果味两车，让玄奘带上，做为献给叶护牙的礼物。并让六十人陪同西行。

玄奘要走了，王母和高昌王领着众妃子和大臣为他送行，高昌国的众僧俗也都出来向这位令人尊敬的东土高僧道别，送行的队伍有数里长。人们送了一程又一程，离别的泪水洒了又洒。在将要分手的时候，激动不已的王母上前紧握着玄奘的手，哽咽而语：

“这次与法师相遇，一定是前世结下的因缘。法师如能求得正法，返回东土时一定要到高昌来，为我们讲经说法。……。”

玄奘郑重地点了点头，然后转过身来，向着茫茫的西方毅然走去。

叶护牙因为受高昌王这托，又接受了玄奘带来的丰厚礼物，因而传所属各国，为玄奘西行提供方便。玄奘每到一处，人们往往举城出迎，盛况空前，宛如皇帝出行。

玄奘一行从高昌到铁门，经过了十六个国家；从铁门到印度边境，又经过了十三个国家，这些国家，风土人情各异。路途中，有高山、雪岭、大河。这些国家中，大都信奉佛教，其中有许多佛教的遗迹。

大雪山中有一个梵衍国，国中有僧人几千人，学习小乘佛教的出世部佛法。在都城的北面山中有站立的佛像，高五百一十尺。城中有卧佛像，长一千多尺。城中的寺院用黄金珠宝装饰，庄严华贵，光彩耀眼，人们无不称奇。国中还有佛的牙舍利，有长约五寸的初劫时缘觉者牙齿，还有金轮王的三寸多长的牙齿。又有商那和修(罗汉名)的钵及其九绦衣，九绦衣的颜色仍鲜艳如初。

梵衍国的东面有迦毕试国，国中信佛教的人很多，僧人有六千多，奉大乘教经典。国王每年都要用银铸造佛像，佛像铸成之后，邀请远近各国的人前来观看。国中有如来为菩萨时的牙齿，长约一寸，文有如来的发引，约一尺长，呈螺旋状。

玄奘一行从迦毕试国自东走七百里，到达滥波国，滥波国位于印度的北部。印度是天竺的正名。印度北靠雪山，三面临海，南部地形狭窄如弦月，平原广阔，国境线长达九万里。国境内曾有七十多国家，这些国家时分时合，现在已统一为一个王国。

从滥波国向东走，玄奘到了伽罗曷国。玄奘在此参拜了许多佛教遗迹。佛经中记载的布发掩泥的事就发生在这个地方。国中有佛的头顶骨，周围长三寸，形状仰平，就象天穹一样；还有佛的头骨，形状象荷叶；佛的眼睛，圆而透明，形状象柰许，澄净而富有光彩。还有佛的衣服、佛的锡杖。这五种圣迹同在一城，是伽罗曷国的镇国之宝。这座城北临突厥，过去突厥曾入侵，要抢夺这些佛宝？可每次都不能到达藏宝所在，不得不撤兵回国。

这几件佛宝灵验无比，可以预示人的未来形象。大月支王想知道自己的来世的样子，烧香来拜佛宝，佛宝向他显示马的形象。这当然不符合他的期望。于是月支王大加布施，并忏悔自己的罪过。再次取香观看，佛宝现出狮子的形象。狮子虽是百兽之王，但毕竟还是野兽。月支王于是归依佛门，持守戒律，这时佛宝才向他显示了人的形象。月支王这才回国。使用这种佛宝的惯例是，看王相的人，要花一枚金钱；看自己相的，花十枚金钱。玄奘奉旨前来拜佛宝，所以不必交钱。

玄奘双手执香，虔诚而恭敬地走向佛宝。想到自己历尽艰险，是为求得正法，亲睹佛的遗迹。而今，自己能够去参拜佛宝，怎能不百感交集呢？玄奘恭恭敬敬地向佛宝施了大礼，然后站立一边，注视着佛宝的变化。立刻佛宝显示出前所未有的吉兆，玄奘感动得泪流满面。

玄奘从伽罗曷国到达建驮罗国。国中的佛寺有一千多个，国中的人都信佛教。国都中有钵庙，庙中曾供有如来的钵，现在钵已被移到波斯王宫中供奉。城东有迦腻王大塔，塔基周长达一里米。其中有佛骨舍利一斛，高高地放在塔中，塔的九轮上下共五百尺，象征二十五重天火之灾。这也就是世人所说的雀离浮屠。北魏的灵太后胡氏深信佛教，派僧人道生送来长幡，长达七百多尺，披挂在塔上，一直缠到塔基。塔的旁边还有很多遗迹，如世亲创作俱舍论处、千眼佛眨眼奉双亲处、须大拏太子修菩萨行处、仙裨女乱而转化成鬼处等。阿育王在这些地方都立有标志之塔。

玄奘就这样在佛教的故乡印度的大地上行走着。这个路途中，他克服了无数了无数的艰难险阻，有时甚至是死里逃生。所凭借的，就是他那一颗真心向佛的赤诚之情。

玄奘一行从羯若鞠阇国向东南走二千多里，经过了四个国家。这天，玄奘正带领众人顺着一条河继续行走。忽然，从对面杀出一队人马，他们把玄奘等人团团围住。就听见领头的那个面貌凶恶的家伙说：“哈哈！真是苍天有眼，我正愁找不到祭天的供品，却遇到你们这群秃驴。快，都给我绑上！”玄奘等八十多人被这群人用绳子捆住。

原来，这群人是打家劫舍的贼人，他们正想杀人祭天。贼人在这八十人中挑来挑去，挑中了玄奘做为祭天的供品。贼人在船上设了祭坛，把玄奘放在坛中。他们想先把玄奘生吃一部分，然后再用锅把剩下的那部分煮熟。此时，无人能够解救玄奘。

玄奘面无惧色，他轻轻地闭上眼睛，心里想着慈悲的弥勒佛、如来，暗自发誓说：“如果我的生命还不该结束，那么就请诸佛解救我。如果我的生命已对弘法无用，那么我就死而无憾了。”

同行的众人看见贼人要杀玄奘，他们一齐放声大哭。

突然，河岸的狂风铺天盖地刮来，狂风挟带着沙宿向贼人的船刮去。顷刻间，贼人的船翻了，船上的木板被风吹折，贼人们恐怕地睁大了眼。与玄奘同来的人对贼人说：

“这法师不辞劳苦，历经魔难，就是要专心求法，为边陲的人们谋利益。你们如果杀了他，就会有弥天的大罪，会受到上天的惩罚，我们愿意为他而死。”

贼人听到这话，纷纷扔掉兵刃，以礼相待，对玄奘忏悔自己的罪过，把玄奘等人放走。

玄奘每到一处，都要拜谒当地的佛教遗迹，这些遗迹是先辈的佛家高僧大德们留下的。他们仿佛是要感谢这位来自异邦的虔诚求法者，纷纷向他显现出灵异的瑞像。

在印度中部，有一个摩揭陀国，国中有一座山，名叫伽耶山，世人又称之为名山。这座山是自古国王登临敕封的地方，如来佛离俗成道就是在这个山。在山上有著名的大菩提寺，是狮子国的国王出钱兴建的。此国的十二月三十日，即唐的一月十五日，国人称之为神变日。到这天晚上，会出现吉祥的光，同时天空中会飘下奇异的花，落在树上和院子里。

玄奘来到大菩提寺，看到经书中记载的这些遗迹就在眼前，他感慨颇多。他遗憾自己生在末世，不能亲睹佛的真颜。玄奘觉得，自己虽然见了圣迹，却还没有看到吉祥之景，他决定留下来，以自己的诚心来感动上天，显示吉景。玄奘在寺中打坐修炼，与高僧谈论佛理。一天晚上，玄奘正在听一个居士讲瑜伽师地论，突然，灯灭了，身上佩带的珠宝璎珞都失去了光彩，但却有光明照耀内外，只是不知光明来自何方。居士和玄奘都感到奇怪。他们走出屋子看菩提树，只见一个僧人手拿舍利，大小象人的手指，在树下举着给人看。舍利放出的光，明照天地，众人兴奋不已，远远地向舍利参拜行礼。只到清晨，光才消失。

玄奘在印度境内走过了几十个国家，终于到达他此次西行的目的地——那烂陀寺。

那烂陀寺是印度最大的佛寺，唐人称其为无厌。这个寺院由五个国王共同出资建造，寺庙的供奉丰厚，衣食不愁，因此有“无厌”之称。那烂陀寺有五个院子，五个院子有一个共同的大门，周围有四重内门，外面有三重围墙。院中有水流过，水沟极深，院内种有花，色彩艳丽无比。寺中居住着一万多僧人，全部由国家供养。寺中有无数的佛象和各种各样的佛教遗迹。此国有一个惯例，对于那些德高望重、受人尊敬的法师，国王都要给他们封侯，赏给他们十城。后来逐渐减少赏赐的数量，但也不会少于三城。高僧大德们只在寺中讨论佛学，因而寺中的高僧道法高深。那烂陀寺每年要接收来自各国的学法者。那烂陀寺的住持叫戒贤，年纪已有一百零六岁，其道法高深无比，人称正法藏。正法藏博闻强记，内外大小一切书都能通晓。戒日王把十个城邑的税收全部送给他。

玄奘西行求法的风声早已传到了那烂陀寺。那烂陀的众僧听说玄奘快要到了，先派出四十多人去迎候。玄奘到达寺中的那天，寺中僧人二百人，俗人二千人，推着车，撑着伞盖，拿着鲜花，前去迎接，那烂陀寺内外，人潮如涌，伞盖如云，好象是在欢庆什么重大的节日。众人把玄奘领到寺中，与众僧相见。然后给他安排住处，待遇与寺中大德一样。接着，有人领玄奘前去拜见戒贤。

玄奘走到戒贤的住处，对着高居于座上的戒贤深施一礼。戒贤命就座，然后问道：

“法师从何而来？”

“弟子久闻贵寺大名，从支那而来，欲学瑜珈等论，以期求得正法。”

戒贤听完玄奘的话，忽然掩面而泣。众人面面相觑，都感有些惊异。戒贤好一会儿才住了哭泣，然后又向玄奘施一谢礼：

“感谢法师，前来救我疾苦。我三年前得了病，疼得如同刀割一样，我当想不食而亡，以结束这种难耐的痛苦。就在这时，我梦见有金人对我说：‘你不要死，这种痛苦是对你前世做国王时所做坏事的报应，你应当自我悔过，怎么能死呢？现在有一个支那僧人到此学法，他正在途中，三年后会到这里。你要教给他佛法，然后让他把佛法再传到他的国家去，你的罪就免除了。我是曼殊室利，特地来劝你。'”

戒贤又问玄奘已走了多长时间，玄奘答说三年，这和梦中金人所说完全一致，戒贤此时悲喜交加，再次向玄奘施礼致谢。

那烂陀寺中设有十个“法通三藏”的称号，赐给那些学通经藏的高僧大德，是寺中的最高荣誉，现在已有九个人被授此称号。玄奘来到后，寺中把这一称号授予了他。对法通三藏者，寺中每日给上等佳肴两盘，大人米一升，还有槟榔、豆蔻、龙脑、香乳、酥蜜等。每人有四个净人婆罗侍候，出入乘象，三十个随从。大人米是一种梗米，大得象乌豆一样，做饭时香气可飘百步，只有这里出产。这种米是专供国王和知法者食用的。

玄奘请戒贤给他瑜珈论，和玄奘一起听讲者达数千人，十五个月讲究一遍，第二遍又讲了九个月。此后，玄奘又学习顺理、显扬、对法等经论，并不断地向戒贤请教。对于瑜珈论，玄奘认真研究了五年，朝夕不停。

这天，戒贤收到了统治印度的戒日王的来信。戒日王此时正在讨伐乌茶国的途审，信中说，一个南印度的灌顶师名叫般若毯多，通晓正量部，做了篇百颂的《破大乘论》。许多小乘论师向戒日王推荐此论，要与大乘教决一胜负。戒日王让那烂陀寺派出四个内外大小皆通的论师，到戒日王行军之处，与小乘论师进行辩论。戒贤于是派海慧、智光、师子光和玄奘四人为应辩之人。四人正在做出发的准备，那烂陀寺的外边一片混乱。立刻有僧人向戒贤禀报，有一个顺世外道的人写出了四十条，贴在那烂陀寺的门上，要与那烂陀的僧人进行辩论。并扬言，如果有人能把他驳倒，他就用自己的头来谢罪。他的论证、细密，很难找出破绽。而且寺中众人对这种外道了解得并不很多。众僧对能否可以辩胜表示怀疑，都默然不语，无人出去辩论。这个地方有一个风俗，如双方辩论后，输的一方要骑在驴背上，人们把粪尿从他的头上贯下去，然后在公众面前表示服从，做胜方的奴隶。

玄奘让人把那四十条抄回来，自己认真研究了一番，对众人说：

“我要与他辩论，我们怎么能受他的污辱呢？请诸位给我做旁证。”

经过几番辩论，对方辩解无路，理屈词穷，神情沮丧，立即爬在地上表示降伏。众僧欢呼雀跃，有人要对此人履行前约，把他斩首。玄奘制止道：

“不可。佛法博大宽容，并不主张刑罚。我们要让他接受佛法，就象奴卜侍奉主人那样信奉佛法，这不是很好吗？”

这个外道留在寺中，归依了佛门。找来小乘教论师的《破大乘论》，研究其中时谬误，以备前去论辩之用。玄奘问归依佛门前外道：

“你知道乌茶小乘论师的《破大乘论》吗？”

外道答道句：“曾有所耳闻，我对他们的学说很了解。”玄奘让他讲述了乌茶小乘教的学说，了解其主要的理论。玄奘用大乘教的思想批判乌茶小乘论师的观点，写出了一千六百多颂的《制恶论》，并把它送给戒贤等大德，众大德说这篇论可以横扫天下的敌人，没有人能够阻挡。

玄奘在那烂陀寺研习了五年的佛法，他觉得自己还有很多的东西要学，想留下来继续学习。此时，戒贤对玄笑说：

“学习佛法，贵在交流，独自一人学习是不行的，你应该到其它地方去学一学，不然就会失去良好的时机。然后，你要及早返回你的国家，去弘扬正法。你不惜生命前来求法，难道不是为此吗？智慧是无边的，只有佛才能穷尽它。人的生命就象朝露一样，或早或晚，它是要消失的。你万万不可延迟。”

玄奘从那烂陀寺出发，在印度境内拜谒佛寺，学习道法。他先后经过伊烂拏、三摩呾吒、乌茶、僧伽罗、憍萨罗等国。玄奘在这些国家中，学习道法，参拜遗迹。

在钵伐多国，有几个高僧，学识渊博，可以为师，玄奘在那里停留两年，学习正量部的根本论、摄正法论、成实论等。

在杖林山有一个胜军论师，是刹帝利人，他学遍内外五明，而在林中援徒讲经。从他学法的人日益增多，国王也曾前来拜见他，并封给他城邑，做为供养，玄奘向他学习唯识抉择论、意义论和成无畏论等。一共学习二年。

一天夜晚，玄奘在胜军论师处的寺庙中做梦，他梦见寺院内外和树林被火烧成灰烬，又在梦中见到一个金人，金人告诉他：“十年以后，戒日王一死，印度就会大乱，就象现在燃烧的大火一样。”

玄奘醒来后向胜军说明此事，并下了回去的决心。

玄奘又回到那烂陀寺，向戒贤辞行。戒贤赠给玄类许多经书。玄奘想从北边回国，为的是路经高昌，好实现当年自己的诺言。

玄奘在回国的途中，像来时一样，一边走，一边参拜遗迹，学习佛法，同时他还把自己所学到的佛法在各地弘扬。玄奘又一次在印度的土地上，留下了他光辉的足迹。

在东印度的迦摩缕多国，人们信奉外道。国王童子王事奉天神，喜爱各种各样的道法。只要是富有智慧，他不问正邪，都予以尊敬。玄奘要在此国中，用佛法来扫除外道，因此而开讲法席。听讲者在国王面前称赞玄奘神思敏捷。童子王听后非常兴奋，想面见玄奘。他派人去请玄奘，玄奘推辞再三，才去会见国王。一见面，俩人都觉得似曾相识。二人谈起佛法来，兴致颇浓，忘记了时间。此时，国内有许多外道异术之人在国王的身边，他们要与玄奘辩论，让国王判定，佛法与外道谁优谁劣。外道者和玄奘辩论了不长时间，就全部败下阵来。国王对玄奘更如敬重。当国主问玄奘信奉佛有何益处时，玄奘称如来三身利物，并写了三百颂长的《三身论》赠给国王。中王说，这是他生平未曾看到的，于是他开始全心信佛。

戒日王起初统治的是一个边陲小国羯若鞠阇国。戒日本是佛家的谥号，应是人死之后，据其功德而追赠的。羯若鞠阇国的大德们，在国王刚一扬名天下时，就赠给他戒日的称号，是为了避免死后赠名的虚假不实。当时，势力最大的是商佉王，此人酷虐无道，摧残佛教。他命人拔掉菩提树，毁掉树苗，把三百多名大德活埋，其余的变成奴隶。戒日王在这个时候，准备起兵反对商佉王。戒日王和他的臣子们到拔掉菩提树的地方，对着树地发誓：

“如果我能有幸统一天下，定要重建佛法。希望我佛助我一臂之力，让菩提树从地下长出，以示灵验。”

说完，菩提树就慢慢拱土发芽，坑中长出。戒日王大受鼓舞，立刻带兵前往商佉的住处，一举灭掉商佉。戒日王由此对佛教更加诚信不移，又领着八万象兵，开始了征服整个印度的伟大事业。大军所向披靡，所到之处无不归依。这完全是因为戒日王信奉佛教而产生的威力。戒日王统率的军队不吃肉，每到一处，如果有羊，一定买来送给僧人，供他们食用乳酪。每五年，戒日王都要进行一次大的施舍，把他所收藏的东西全部施舍出去。

玄奘在迦摩缕多国弘扬佛法的事，早已传到了戒日王的耳中。戒日王对这位来自大唐的高僧已仰慕多时。戒日王的臣下对戒日王说:“东面的童子王那里有支那的高僧，大王应该把他请来。”戒日王说:“ 这正是我的想法。我已经邀请过他几次，可他总是推辞不来。” 戒日王再次派使臣前去请玄奘，请童子王把玄奘送来。

童子王命令一支一万人的象兵，乘三万支船，送玄奘与戒日王会面。戒日王与臣下一百多人，领着一万多人顺河东下，去迎接玄奘。只见河面上旌旗飘扬，万人攒动，两支庞大的船队相向而行。犹如两支即将在海上展开恶战的两支舰队，但船上的人们兴高彩烈，精神振奋，显然面临是一件重大的喜庆之事。玄奘与戒日王一见面，戒日王就行大礼参拜。随从的人撒花唱颂，场面庄严而隆重。戒日王对玄奘说：

“弟子以前屡次邀请，大师为何不来呢？”

玄奘说:“我当时学法未成，所以延误了王命。”

戒日王问：“你们国家有个秦王，能征善战，精于歌舞。秦王是一个什么样的人，他的美名为什么会传播得如此遥远呢？”

玄奘答道：“秦王就是大唐现在的天子，是大圣人。他平息动乱，恩泽六方，所以人们都歌颂他。”

“这是天让他做物主啊！”戒日王感叹说。

戒日王请玄奘入宫相谈，玄奘给戒日王讲《制恶见论》。戒日王对他的臣子门说：

“日光出来，烛光就要消失。大师一到，那些佐道都将被击破。”

戒日王说:“此论虽好，可却没有被更多的人所知，我想在曲女城开大会，让五印度的能言善辩和知识渊博的人都到会，让他们都知道这篇论。使邪道从正，众僧舍小乘而从大乘，不是很好的事吗?”

无遮大会就这样，在戒日王的操办下，在印度曲女城召开了。

无遮大会圆满结束后，当时的人们已都承认，玄奘的学识已超过了他的老师戒贤，成为全印度的第一高僧。

玄奘向戒日王请求东归，戒日王让他主持了七十五天的大施场。此事完毕后，玄奘再次请求回国。戒日王命所属部下送玄奘出境。戒日王赠给数万金钱和许多头青象。这种象，形体圆大，高约三丈，长约二丈多，上面可坐八人，并放置一些物品。象行走起来，就象空身而行，坐在象背上感到很安稳，不会掉下来。玄奘不想接受金钱和青象。诸僧都劝玄奘留下青象。

“这是佛法兴盛的象征。自佛涅槃以来，各国国王虽崇敬佛法，布施种种物品，但还没有听说有赐给青象的事，因为青象是极为珍贵的国宝。现在戒日王赠给您青象，说明国王对您崇敬至极。”

玄奘于是收下青象。因为青象形体大，每天要吃四十多个草料饼，又三斛料。戒日王为此下令所属各国，要随供给玄奘草料。

戒日王等十八国国王，都来相送，执手垂泪，依依惜别。

此后的路程，玄奘昼夜兼程，极少休息。经过了卑利、于活、摩悉铁、商弥、竭盤陀、乌锻、于遁等国。途中的劳苦艰辛自不必说。

玄奘在越过葱岭后，就派人上书太宗皇帝。

贞观(太宗年号) 十九年正月二十四日，京城西郊，人流始涌，僧俗摩肩接踵，几十万人聚集在这里，迎接从西土取经归来的玄奘。从旧城西到京城朱雀门二十多里的道路上，站满了人。道路被阻，玄奘无法进城，只得在郊外的馆驿中休息。虔诚的人们守在馆外，通宵站立。

玄奘第二天把带来的经书、佛象送往弘福寺。京城中众僧竞相列帐支车，帮助玄奘运送。人声鼎沸，甚嚣尘上。天空一轮明日的周围，出现了彩色的云朵，佛像放射出红白相间的轮光。众人对此赞叹不已。从午时佛像入弘福寺的晡时，瑞像一直存在。

京中万民因玄奘回都而停业五天，众多的人归依佛门。对玄奘的隆重迎接，可以说是千古罕见。

那时，太宗正在洛阳。玄奘就从京都到了洛阳。玄奘把各国带来的奇珍异宝进献给太宗，太宗请玄奘入宫，与他见面。太宗与玄奘在宫中促膝交谈，从卯时一直谈到酉时，并不觉得时间过了很长。等到敲响出征的战鼓时，才结束了谈话。当时，太宗正带兵去讨伐辽左的叛乱。太宗请玄奘与他同行，玄奘因旅途劳累，又加上要翻译佛经，因而推辞不去。太宗传旨给留守京城的梁国公房玄龄，让他派人保护玄奘，且供给一切费用。

接着，玄奘又上表太宗，请求翻译佛经之事，并要选择贤能的人和他一同翻译。太宗说：

“法师唐梵皆通，词理通敏，恐怕再找的人，也是孤陋寡闻之徒，他们是不适于翻译圣典的。”

玄奘说:“过去二秦之时翻译佛经，门徒有三千人。即使是这样，还恐怕后代无人知晓佛典，而去信奉邪道。如果现在不召集许多有贤能的人同时翻译，仅凭我一个人的为量是不行的。”后来，玄奘又多次奏请，太宗批准了。

玄奘返回京城后，密集僧人慧明、灵润等为证义，沙门行友、玄赜等为缀缉，沙门智证、辩机等为录文，沙门玄模为证梵语，开始的中国佛教史上规摸空前的佛经翻译事业，先翻译了《太菩萨经》二十多卷，接着又翻译了《显扬圣教论》二十卷，《大乘对法论》十五卷，稍有空闲，又翻译了《西域传》十二卷。此后又译了《佛地六门神呪》。

从前代以来，翻译经文，大都是先谈梵文经典，然后根据对梵文经的理解，再写成汉文。这种汉文经书，和原来的经书相比，增添的或丢失的东西很多。现在玄奘却是从梵文直接译出，意义和原经相符。玄奘翻译佛经，出口成章，录者随写就行。吴魏时所翻译的经书，只是看重梵文的表面形式，注重文词的钩锁联类和重叠布置。这样译成的经书，显得冗长繁杂。玄奘因此让词工做贯通词义和节俭文字的工作，译出的经书语言简练而意义完备。

太宗讨贼回到京城后。玄奘上表，请太宗为所译经书写序。太宗说：

“法师您行为高洁，已出于尘世之上，泛宝舟而登彼岸。我才能浅薄，对俗事尚且不能通达，何况是玄妙的佛理呢?”

玄奘认为，弘扬佛法，必须借助帝王之力。因此，玄奘又再次上表：

“奉您的旨意和奖喻，我才得以翻译佛经，传播佛法。我本来学识浅陋，却有幸参拜九州高僧，向他们学习佛法，又凭着您的英名而远涉他国学习佛法。弘扬佛法，所依赖的是朝庭的教化。我从天空得到的经论，奉旨翻完，只是还没有序。陛下您的智慧如白云遮日，英才超越千古，威名高过百王。我认为佛法无边，不是具有神思的人，不能够解释它的道理，圣教玄远，不是圣人的文词，是不配序写它的来源的。所以我敢冒犯您的威严，让您为圣经做序。帝王之言影响深远，您就不要再谦虚了。教化众生在于日积月累，如果只是观望等待，就会失去时机。”

玄奘上表之后，太宗答应为他作序。太宗对附马高履行说:“你以前曾请我为你的父亲写碑文。但我现在的气力已不如从前，我要给玄奘法师作序，不能给你的父亲写碑文了。你要理解我的用意。”太宗在明殿写出了中国佛教史上著名的《大唐三藏圣教序》。

序文写成后，太宗让弘文馆学士上官仪对群臣朗读此序。百官听后，纷纷称赞。玄奘又上表谢太宗。

从此，朝庭众臣纷纷读经，佛法得到空前弘扬。玄奘经常被留在宫中，皇帝不断向他询问佛法。玄奘仍继续翻译佛经，为的是不错过这个好时机。太宗赐给玄奘云纳一领，又传旨让天下寺院，各自再度五人出家。皇帝在京城东北造弘法院，让玄奘长住其中，又在曲池为文德皇后建慈恩寺，让玄奘成为住持，并度三百人到寺中。又在慈恩寺的西北建翻经院，送给他新出家的弟子十五个。唐高宗永徽二年，玄奘上表请求建梵本佛经台，得到批准。

高宗显庆元年正月，为皇太子在慈恩寺设大斋，朝中众臣都来到寺中。黄门侍郎薛元超、中书郎李义府说:“译经是佛法中的大事，但不知我们这些人在这中间有什么用呢?”

玄奘说:“你所问的，也是许多人所感到疑惑的。译佛虽是僧人的事，但它最终要凭借朝中权贵的力量。就象前秦时鸠摩罗什依靠安成侯姚嵩、元魏时菩提流支依靠侍中崔光禄，贞观初年波颇译经，仆射萧瑀、太府萧琼、庶子杜生正伦等为他阅稿一样。现在没有这些人，弘扬佛法就会受到阻碍。又承蒙圣上在大慈恩寺中发慈悲之心，建造了壮丽辉煌的寺院。要赞美这种德行，最好的方法是把它刻写在碑上，使之流传后代。现在二公相问，我想如果做了这二件事，就会流芳于古今了。” 二人答应了这两件事。第二天早晨，皇帝派人来传旨，说所需帮助译经的大臣己安排好了，立碑的碑文皇帝亲自撰写。

玄奘自从东归之后，就积极致力于翻译佛经和弘扬佛法。有生之年，玄奘共译佛经七十三部一千三百三十卷, 成为中国佛教史上的四大译经师之一。玄奘又充分借助帝王之力，使佛法的弘扬空前绝后。

玄奘入佛门以来，总是希望自己能够死后升往弥勒天。在游西域时，他又听说无著兄弟都升到了弥勒天，于是他更加频繁地发愿请求，每次都有所感应。

高宗麟德元年，玄奘告诉和他一起翻译的僧人和弟子:

“有为之法都是会灭的幻影，形体这种虚幻的东西是不能长久的。我到六十五岁时，一定会死的，现在谁有问趣，可速来问。”

“年纪未到耆耋，为什么要这样说呢?”听到人惊奇地问。

玄奘答道:“此事我自己知道。”

玄奘于是前去向佛像告别。有门人要外出的，玄奘对他们说:“你去吧，我现在就与你告别了。你再也不用来见我了，来了也见不到我。”

正月九日，玄奘告诉寺中的僧人：

“我要死。经里说，身体是可恶的，就象死狗一样。我死已后，把我的尸体在接近官寺的安静之处下葬。”

说完就躺下来，闭眼睁眼，只看到大莲花，鲜艳洁白，又看到自己高大的身相。玄奘知道是自己将要升天的时候了。玄奘让僧人们读他所翻译佛经的名称，他感到很欣慰。玄奘把寺中门人全部召集起来说:“无常将近，快来相见。”并在嘉寿殿的香木上挂菩提像，向它施礼，并再次向众僧告辞，而且留下了给皇帝的表奏。然后他自日默念弥勒，让旁边的人人念：

“南无弥勒如来应正等觉，愿与含识速奉慈颜；南无弥勒如来所居内众，愿舍命以必生其中。”

到二月四日，玄奘右手支头，身体侧卧，寂然不动。门人问他:“这是什么姿式呢?” 玄奘说:“不要问，妨碍我的正念。”五日中夜，弟子问:“和尚一定能生弥勒天吗?”玄奘回答说:“一定能。”说完就断了气。玄奘死后两个月，尸体形色如常。

玄奘死后，皇帝下诏入葬，并让京中僧尼制作幢盖前往送行。只见送葬的队伍中，素盖白幢，如白云浮动，哀乐之声响彻云霄，令人神动。四俗为他悲痛，七众对他的死表示惋惜。玄奘下葬在白鹿原，在方圆四十里的地方，僧俗两众充满其间。后来，皇帝又下诏把玄奘改葬于樊川，把玄奘的尸体从地下抬出来，其面色就象没死时一样。众人叹奇异。如果玄奘不是愿力持久之人，怎么能这样呢?

玄奘默默地来到世上，轰轰烈烈地过了一生，在华夏文明史上留下了光辉的一页。


看下一篇:[佛教故事] 看上一篇:不应放过每一个能帮助别人的机会 卍文章欢迎转载流通 卍站长QQ:345888863
把这篇文章添加到收藏夹分享到QQ空间分享到新浪微博分享到百度空间腾讯微博百度搜藏开心网人人网复制网址
　

莲宗祖师颂
认识圣严法师
一次施舍的福德
本焕长老与印顺法师开解众生疑惑
圣严法师的学思历程
明证法师简介
演培法师《弘一律师对地藏菩萨的礼赞》
净慧法师《心经与玄奘法师的殊胜经历》
为法忘躯的玄奘大师
荣辱不惊的老子
法照大师得文殊菩萨开示念佛法门
凤凰卫视与苏州弘化社采访传印长老
虚云老和尚《上海玉佛寺禅七开示》
海涛法师《历代祖师念佛开示菁华》
海涛法师《历代祖师大德谈放生》
对「攀缘」意义的误解
一休晒经
染布的譬喻
宁搅千江水,莫动道人心
只要有力气、有想法，幸福一定会来临
几位古大德的大悲咒感应
改变一生命运的微笑
渡河
茶杯与茶壶
同学聚会聚的是什么
亲自去咀嚼
哑和尚悲心掘井除干旱
最重要的时光和最重要的人
世上两种人
挂着花鬘的羊

916 NINE ONE SIX

I turned on the TV and listened what PM DS Najib for repealing the draconian yet protective law - ISA (1960), Printing Act - for its gross approval instead of yearly renewal. Najib chose this time to announce the above. Its not coincident and accidental, especially the coming of GE soon.

Najib demonstrated a galvanized yet forward looking performance on political reforms. Some may say Najib has acted differently from what Dr Mahathir's reacted. For a 2nd generation and leading to the third generation - thus comparing with their predecessors; different social condition and political environment depicts the decision.

Najib has demonstrated a paradigm shift - the transformation program - that inducing the sector to participate actively while the government involves only in modeling the activities. At the time of the reading of the statement, he is still not sure what to do to improve the living standard by increasing the living quality and to reduce the cost of living.

Najib has forgotten the way and which it has spent their monies in modeling the change. It has never sat down as the Selangor Government did - to improve the country balance of payment, the current account position and sectoral improvement.

Najib has denied the trend of cost reduction by changing the platform of working. Eg ... Most offices in Putrajaya cost dearly to maintain. Well, with a country of only 28 million population, its not eligible if we spend such heavy expenses...

The expectation of the people - to live a better life via reasonable cost of living and moderate quality of life. They do not want a nice and elegance buildings in Putrajaya. They are not interested in how proudly they are when the ministers shows the Putrajaya offices to the neighboring colleagues. Its not Najib's fault of the heavy expenses due by the heavily previous spending. Mahathir decided it during the 90s. It was part of the plan, to coincide with the refreshing of capital facelift. It was necessitous to work on the change - remodelled the country from an agricultural and under developed nation to an organized, developed and modern nation. Mahathir has forgotten, being the hardware modeling, it should coincide with the change in mindset, the paradigm shift, and in short the change of living method.

For instance, its no longer work with the way such as cover up and cover up; and shoot down the opposition. Instead, the administrator/ministers should listen to the views of their opposition. Someone has claimed that the repealing of ISA - a proposal of the opposition. And Najib should not do what the opposition said. That it will lose face over it...My opinion, Najib do what must and what want.

Barisan Nasional is determined to "fight back"....
And this time, they are more willing to listen to the people...
They are not acting as "Administrator" and instead they are more friendly now...
Anyway, its too late to change now. Because everyone has changed their mind.

The people change their mindset. They believe in the fairness, cleaner and more transparent management system. They want a change in management style from bureaucratic to a moderate yet dynamic system. They demand a people orientated government. They demand a change of facelift - from the racial polarized to racial(less) society.

/to be continued ....hahaha hahahahah

大清王朝灭亡的三大原因

大清王朝灭亡的三大原因
by Kc Chia on Friday, September 16, 2011 at 3:56pm
近来，国内网上流传民国时跨越政学两界著名学者于右任的一篇文章——《亡国三恶因》，于右任列有三点大清必然会灭亡的原因。于右任先生的《亡国三恶因》发表于《民立报》上，全文百余字，至今已近百年，如今重读此文，深感当年于右任之远见卓识，确非常人所能及。好在文章长，现录全文如下，以供人们分析研究。

民穷财尽，社会破产，国家破产。
国有金，吝不与人，为他人藏。此其一。

善不能举，恶不能退，利不能兴，害不能除。
化善而作贪，使学而为盗。此其二。

宫中、府中、梦中，此哭中、彼笑中，
外人窥伺中、霄小拨弄中，国际侦探金钱运动中，
一举一动，一黜一陟，堕其术中。此其三。

以上于右任所说三点，非常具体而清楚地说明了清王朝灭亡的原因。其实不只是清王朝，任何一个政权，无论他多么貌似强大，只要具备了上述三点，决不会逃出灭亡的命运。

第一，说的是老百姓贫穷，读不起书，看不起病，住不起房，物价飞涨，社会呈败落之象。老百姓为什么贫穷？因为”国有金，吝不与人”，财富不往普通人手里流动，国家与民众争利。财产归权贵私有，日夜不停地盗卖国家资源。劳苦民众虽竭尽劳作，所得不足以维持生计，两极分化严重。

第二，行善的不能受到褒扬，作恶的不能受到制止，社会道德急剧下滑。官员虽多，但不作为，忙于吃喝嫖赌，聚敛财富，使”利不能兴，害不能除”.善恶本人兼而有之，好的社会制度能使坏人变好，坏的社会制度却把好人变坏。所以于右任说”化善而作贪，使学而为盗”，其实都是制度造成的。其中的”化”、”使” 两个动词很生动地说明了官员普遍贪腐、社会道德败坏原因。

第三，说的是腐败政权只能用卖国的手段来维持自己的统治。贫富不均、两极分化、财产聚于权贵之家，才会有”此哭中、彼笑中”的现象。”外人”指列强，”窥伺”中华大地，伺机捞起好处；”霄小”指内奸，挑动拨弄，出卖国家利益。搞金钱外交，用通商拉拢外国政要”助纣为虐”，维持其祸国殃民的统治。” 侦探”渗透国外华人社区，”金钱”收买外国政要，甚至行为举止，罢免升迁，都以金钱利益为动因，用这样方法维持其统治岂能不使社会败亡？

于右任从以上三点看到了一个政权必然灭亡的趋势，结果被他说中了，这篇文章发表后不到一年，貌似强大无比，繁荣昌盛的满清”盛世”就轰然倒台了。

月晕而风，础润而雨，君子见微而知著。如果不能根据一些现象而分析出时局的走势，知识分子也就徒具”知识”之名。鼠目尚有寸光，动物尚能在大难来临之际有所警觉，现在一些号称有知识的”饱学”之士，眼睛只盯在利益上，想到的就是自己一家人的幸福安逸，甚至连”鼠目寸光”都不能做到，连动物本能都不具备，就更不用说象于右任一样为时局把脉了。

世界上的事情就是这样奇怪，有些东西你越是想得到，就越是得不到。那些只顾眼前利益，甚至为了一点利益出卖人格良心的人，为独裁者唱赞歌，到头来不仅得不到想要的利益，还会把自己搭进去，落得个身败名裂的下场。同样，当政者迷恋特权，以为只要牢牢掌握暴力和谎言，就能使江山永固，子孙万代永享奴役别人的幸福，这样做的结果只能得到接受民众审判的下场。

Federal Constitution of Malaysia

Constitution
Constitution of Malaysia
PART I - THE STATES, RELIGION AND LAW OF THE FEDERATION
Article 1
The Federation shall be known, in Malay and in English, by the name Malaysia.
The States of the Federation shall be Johore, Kedah, Kelantan, Malacca, Negri Sembilan, Pahang, Penang, Perak, Perlis, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor and Terengganu.
Subject to Clause (4), the territories of each of the States mentioned in Clause (2) are the territories comprised therein immediately before Malaysia Day.
The territory of the State of Selangor shall exclude the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur established under the Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1973 and the territory of the State of Sabah shall exclude the Federal Territory of Labuan established under the Constitution (Amendment) (no. 2) Act 1984, and both the said Federal Territories shall be territories of the Federation.
Article 2
Parliament may by law -
(a) admit other States to the Federation;
(b) alter the boundaries of any State, but a law altering the boundaries of a State shall not be passed without the consent of that State (expressed by a law made by the Legislature of that State) and of the Conference of Rulers.
Article 3
1. Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation.
2. In every State other than States not having a Ruler the position of the Ruler as the Head of the religion of Islam in his State in the manner and to the extent acknowledged and declared by the Constitution, all rights, privileges, prerogatives and powers enjoyed by him as Head of that religion, are unaffected and unimpaired; but in any acts, observance or ceremonies with respect to which the Conference of Rulers has agreed that they should extend to the Federation as a whole each of the other Rulers shall in his capacity of Head of the religion of Islam authorize the Yang di-pertuan Agong to represent him.
3. The Constitution of the States of Malacca, Penang, Sabah and Sarawak shall each make provision for conferring on the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be Head of the religion of Islam in that State.
4. Nothing in this Article derogates from any other provision of this Constitution.
5. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be the Head of the religion of Islam in the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan; and for this purpose Parliament may by law make provisions for regulating Islamic religious affairs and for constituting a Council to advise the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in matters relating to the religion of Islam.
Article 4
This Constitution is the supreme law of the Federation and any law passed after Merdeka Day which is inconsistent with this Constitution shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void.
The validity of any law shall not be questioned on the ground that -
(a) it imposes restrictions on the right mentioned in Article 9 (2) but does not relate to the matters mentioned therein; or
(b) it imposes such restrictions as are mentioned in Article 10 (2) but those restrictions were not deemed necessary or expedient by Parliament for the purposes mentioned in that Article.
The validity of any law made by Parliament or the Legislature of any State shall not be questioned on the ground that it makes provision with respect to any matter with respect to which Parliament or, as the case may be, the Legislature of the State has no power to make laws, except in proceedings for a declaration that the law is invalid on that ground or -
if the law was made by Parliament, in proceedings between the Federation and one or more States;
if the law was made by Legislature of a State, in proceedings between the Federation and that State.
Proceedings for a declaration that a law is invalid on the ground mentioned in Clause (3) (not being proceedings falling within paragraph (a) or (b) of the Clause) shall not be commenced without the leave of a judge of the Supreme Court; and the Federation shall be entitled to be a party to any such proceedings, and so shall any State that would or might be a party to proceedings brought for the same purpose under paragraph (a) or (b) of the Clause.

PART II - FUNDAMENTAL LIBERTIES
Article 5
No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty save in accordance with law.
Where complaint is made to a High court or any judge thereof that a person is being unlawfully detained the court shall inquire into the complaint and, unless satisfied that the detention is lawful, shall order him to be produced before the court and release him.
Where a person is arrested he shall be informed as soon as may be of the grounds of his arrest and shall be allowed to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice.
Where a person is arrested and not released he shall without unreasonable delay, and in any case within twenty-four hours (excluding the time of any necessary journey) be produced before a magistrate and shall not be further detained in custody without the magistrate's authority:
Provided that this Clause shall not apply to the arrest or detention of any person under the existing law relating to restricted residence, and all the provisions of this Clause shall be deemed to have been an integral part of this Article as from Merdeka Day.
Clauses (3) and (4) do not apply to an enemy alien.
Article 6
No person shall be held in slavery.
All forms of forced labour are prohibited, but Parliament may by law provide for compulsory service for national purposes.
Work incidental to the serving of a sentence of imprisonment imposed by a court of law shall not be taken to be forced labour within the meaning of this Article.
Where by any written law the whole or any part of the functions of any public authority is to be carried on by another public authority, for the purpose of enabling those functions to be performed the employees of the first mentioned public authority shall be bound to serve the second mentioned public authority shall not be taken to be forced labour within the meaning of this Article, and no such employee shall be entitled to demand any right from either the first mentioned or the second mentioned public authority by reason of the transfer of his employment.
Article 7
No person shall be punished for an act or omission which was not punishable by law when it was done or made, and no person shall suffer greater punishment for an offence than was prescribed by law at the time it was committed.
A person who has been acquitted or convicted of an offence shall not be tried again for the same offence except where the conviction or acquittal has been quashed and a retrial ordered by a court superior to that by which he was acquitted or convicted.
Article 8
All persons are equal before the law and entitled to the equal protection of the law.
Except as expressly authorized by this Constitution, there shall be no discrimination against citizens on the ground only of religion, race, descent or place of birth in any law relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of property or the establishing or carrying on of any trade, business, profession, vocation or employment.
There shall be no discrimination in favour of any person on the ground that he is a subject of the Ruler of the State.
No public authority shall discriminate against any person on the ground that he is resident or carrying on business in any part of the Federation outside the jurisdiction of the authority.
This Article does not invalidate or prohibit -
(a) any provision regulating personal law;
(b) any provision or practice restricting office or employment connected with the affairs of any religion, or of an institution managed by a group professing any religion, to persons professing that religion;
(c) any provision for the protection, wellbeing or advancement of the aboriginal peoples of the Malay Peninsula (including the reservation of land) or the reservation to aborigines of a reasonable proportion of suitable positions in the public service;
(d) any provision prescribing residence in a State or part of a State as a qualification for election or appointment to any authority having jurisdiction only in that State or part, or for voting in such an election;
(e) any provision of a Constitution of a State, being or corresponding to a provision in force immediately before Merdeka Day;
(f) any provision restricting enlistment in the Malay Regiment to Malays.
Article 9
No citizen shall be banished or excluded from the Federation.
Subject to Clause (3) and to any law relating to the security of the Federation or any part thereof, public order, public health, or the punishment of offenders, every citizen has the right to move freely throughout the Federation and to reside in any part thereof.
So long as under this Constitution any other State is in a special position as compared with the States of Malaya, Parliament may by law impose restrictions, as between that State and other States, on the rights conferred by Clause (2) in respect of movement and residence.
Article 10
Subject to Clauses (2), (3) and (4) -
(a) every citizen has the right to freedom of speech and expression;
(b) all citizens have the right to assemble peaceably and without arms;
(c) all citizens have the right to form associations.
Parliament may by law impose -
(a) on the rights conferred by paragraph (a) of Clause (1),such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof, friendly relations with other countries, public order or morality and restrictions designed to protect the privileges of Parliament or of any Legislative Assembly or to provide against contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to any offence;
(b) on the right conferred by paragraph (b) of Clause (1), such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof, or public order;
(c) on the right conferred by paragraph (c) of Clause (1), such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof, public order or morality.
Restrictions on the right to form associations conferred by paragraph (c) of Clause (1) may also be imposed by any law relating to labour or education.
In imposing restrictions in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof or public order under Clause (2) (a), Parliament may pass law prohibiting the questioning of any matter, right, status, position, privilege, sovereignty or prerogative established or protected by the provisions of Part III, Article 152, Article 153 or Article 181 otherwise than in relation to the implementation thereof as may be specified in such law.
Article 11
Every person has the right to profess and practice his religion and, subject to Clause (4), to propagate it.
No person shall be compelled to pay any tax the proceeds of which are specially allocated in whole or in part for the purposes of a religion other than his own.
Every religious group has the right -
(a) to manage its own religious affairs;
(b) to establish and maintain institutions for religious or charitable purposes; and
(c) to acquire and own property and hold and administer it in accordance with law.
State law and in respect of the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan, federal law may control or restrict the propagation of any religious doctrine or belief among persons professing the religion of Islam.
This Article does not authorize any act contrary to any general law relating to public order, public health or morality.
Article 12
Without prejudice to the generality of Article 8, there shall be no discrimination against any citizen on the grounds only of religion, race, descent or place of birth -
in the administration of any educational institution maintained by a public authority, and, in particular, the admission of pupils or students or the payment of fees; or
in providing out of the funds of a public authority financial aid for the maintenance or education of pupils or students in any educational institution (whether or not maintained by a public authority and whether within or outside the Federation).
Every religious group has the right to establish and maintain institutions for the education of children in its own religion, and there shall be no discrimination on the ground only of religion in any law relating to such institutions or in the administration of any such law; but it shall be lawful for the Federation or a State to establish or maintain or assist in establishing or maintaining Islamic institutions or provide or assist in providing instruction in the religion of Islam and incur such expenditure as may be necessary for the purpose.
No person shall be required to receive instruction in or take part in any ceremony or act of worship of a religion other than his own.
For the purposes of Clause (3) the religion of a person under the age of eighteen years shall be decided by his parent or guardian.
Article 13
No person shall be deprived of property save in accordance with law.
No law shall provide for the compulsory acquisition or use of property without adequate compensation.

PART III - CITIZENSHIP
Chapter 1 - Acquisition of Citizenship
Article 14
Subject to the provisions of this Part, the following persons are citizens by operation of law, that is to say:
(a) every person born before Malaysia Day who is a citizen of the Federation by virtue of the provisions contained in Part 1 of the Second Schedule; and
(b) every person born on or after Malaysia Day, and having any of the qualifications specified in Part 11 of the Second Schedule.
(c) (Repealed).
(Repealed).
(Repealed).
Article 15
Subject to Article 18, any married woman whose husband is a citizen is entitled, upon making application to the Federal Government, to be registered as a citizen if the marriage was subsisting and the husband a citizen at the beginning of October 1962, or if she satisfies the Federal Government -
(a) that she has resided in the Federation throughout the two years preceding the date of the application and intends to do so permanently; and
(b) that she is of good character.
Subject to Article 18, the Federal Government may cause any person under the age of twenty-one years whose parents one at least is (or was at death) a citizen to be registered as a citizen upon application made to the Federal Government by his parent or guardian.
Subject to Article 18, a person under the age of twenty-one years who was born before the beginning of October 1962, and whose father is (or was at his death) a citizen and was also a citizen at the beginning of that month (if then alive), is entitled upon application made to the Federal Government by his parent or guardian, to be registered as a citizen if the Federal Government is satisfied that he is ordinarily resident in the Federation and is of good character.
For the purposes of Clause (1) residence before Malaysia Day in the territories comprised in the States of Sabah and Sarawak shall be treated as residence in the Federation.
The reference in Clause (1) to a married woman is a reference to a woman whose marriage has been registered in accordance with any written law in force in the Federation, including any such law in force before Merdeka Day, or with any written law in force before Malaysia Day in the territories comprised in the States of Sabah and Sarawak:
Provided that this Clause shall not apply where the woman applies to be registered as a citizen before the beginning of September 1965, or such later date as may be fixed by order of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, and is at the date of the application ordinarily resident in the States of Sabah and Sarawak.
(Repealed)
Article 16
16.
Subject to Clause (9), the Federal Government may, upon application made by any person of or over the age of twenty-one years who is not a citizen, grant a certificate of naturalization to that person if satisfied -
(a) that -
(i) he is resided in the Federation for the required periods and intends, if the certificate is granted, to do so permanently;
(ii) (Repealed).
(b) that he is of good character; and
(c) that he has an adequate knowledge of the Malay language.
(2) Subject to Clause (9), the Federal Government may, in such special circumstances as it thinks fit, upon application made by any person of or over the age of twenty-one years who is not a citizen, grant a certificate of naturalization to that person if satisfied -
(a) that he has resided in the Federation during the seven years immediately preceding the date of the application, for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than five years;
(b) that he intends to do so permanently;
(c) that he is of good character; and
(d) that he has an elementary knowledge of the Malay language.
Article 16a 16A. Subject to Article 18, any person of or over the age of eighteen years who is on Malaysia Day ordinarily resident in the State of Sabah or Sarawak is entitled, upon making application to the Federal Government before September 1971, to be registered as a citizen if he satisfies the Federal Government -
(a) that he has resided before Malaysia Day in the territories comprised in those States and after Malaysia Day in the Federation for periods which amount in the aggregate to not less than seven years in the ten years immediately preceding the date of the application, and which include the twelve months immediately preceding that date;
(b) that he intends to reside permanently in the Federation;
(c) that he is of good character; and
(d) except where the application is made before September 1965, and the applicant has attained the age of forty-five years at the date of the application, that he has a sufficient knowledge of the Malay language or the English language or, in the case of an applicant ordinarily resident in Sarawak, the Malay language, the English language or any native language in current use in Sarawak.
Article 17
(Repealed)
Article 18
18.
No person of or over the age of eighteen years shall be registered as a citizen under this Constitution until he has taken the oath set out in the First Schedule.
Except with the approval of the Federal Government, no person who has renounced or has been deprived of citizenship under this Constitution or who has renounced or has been deprived of federal citizenship or citizenship of the Federation before Merdeka Day under the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948 shall be registered as a citizen under this Constitution.
A person registered as a citizen under this Constitution shall be a citizen by registration from the day on which he is so registered.
(Repealed).
Article 19
19.
(1) Subject to Clause (9), the Federal Government may, upon application made by any person of or over the age of twenty-one years who is not a citizen, grant a certificate of naturalization to that person if satisfied -
(a) that -
(i) he has resided in the Federation for the required periods and intends, if the certificate is granted, to do so permanently;
(ii) (Repealed).
(b) that he is of good character; and
(c) that he has an adequate knowledge of the Malay language.
(2) Subject to Clause (9), the Federal Government may, in such special circumstances as it thinks fit, upon application made by any person of or over the age of twenty-one years who is not a citizen, grant a certificate of naturalization to that person if satisfied -
(a) that he has resided in the Federation for the required periods and intends, if the certificate is granted, to do so permanently;
(b) that he is of good character; and
(c) that he has an adequate knowledge of the Malay language.
(3) The periods of residence in the Federation or the relevant part of it which are required for the grant of a certificate of naturalization are periods which amount in the aggregate to not less than ten years in the twelve years immediately preceding the date of the application for the certificate, and which include the twelve months immediately preceding that date.
(4) For the purposes of Clauses (1) and (2) residence before Malaysia Day in the territories comprised in the States of Sabah and Sarawak shall be treated as residence in the Federation; and for purposes of Clause (2) residence in Singapore before Malaysia Day or with the approval of the Federal Government residence in Singapore after Malaysia Day shall be treated as residence in the Federation.
(5) A person to whom a certificate of naturalization is granted shall be a citizen by naturalization from the date on which the certificate is granted.
(6) (Repealed)
(7) (Repealed)
(8) (Repealed)
(9) No certificate of naturalization shall be granted to any person until he has taken the oath set out in the First Schedule.
Article 19a 19A. (Repealed)
Article 20
20. (Repealed)
Article 21
21. (Repealed)
Article 22
If any new territory is admitted to the Federation after Malaysia Day in pursuance of Article 2, parliament may by law determine what persons are to be citizens by reason of their connection with that territory and the date or dates from which such persons are to be citizens.

Chapter 2 - Termination of Citizenship
Article 23
23.
Any citizen of or over the age of twenty-one years and of sound mind who is also or is about to become a citizen of another country may renounce his citizenship of the Federation by declaration registered by the Federal Government, and shall thereupon cease to be a citizen.
(2) A declaration made under this Article during any war in which the Federation is engaged shall not be registered except with the approval of the Federal Government.
(3) This Article applies to a woman under the age of twenty-one years who has been married as it applies to a person of or over that age.
Article 24
If the Federal Government is satisfied that any citizen has acquired by registration, naturalization or other voluntary and formal act (other than marriage) the citizenship of any country outside the Federation, the Federal Government may by order deprive that person of his citizenship.
If the Federal Government is satisfied that any citizen has voluntarily claimed and exercised in any country, being rights accorded exclusively to its citizens, the Federal Government may by order deprive that person of his citizenship.
(A) Without prejudice to the generality of Clause (2), the exercise of a vote in any political election in a place outside the Federation shall be deemed to be the voluntary claim and exercise of a rights available under the law of that place; and for the purposes of Clause (2), a person who, after such date as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may by order appoint for the purposes of this Clause -
(a) applies to the authorities of a place outside the Federation for the issue or renewal of a passport; or
(b) uses a passport issued by such authorities as a travel document, shall be deemed voluntarily to claim and exercise a rights available under the law of that place, being a rights accorded exclusively to the citizens of that place.
If the Federal Government is satisfied that any woman who is a citizen by registration under Clause (1) of Article 15 has acquired the citizenship of any country outside the Federation by virtue of her marriage to a person who is not a citizen, the Federal Government may by order deprive her of her citizenship.
Article 25
(1) The Federal Government may by order deprive of his citizenship any person who is a citizen by registration under Article 16A or 17 or a citizen by naturalisation if satisfied -
(a) that he has shown himself by act or speech to be disloyal or disaffected towards the Federation;
(b) that he has, during any war in which the Federation is or was engaged, unlawfully traded or communicated with an enemy or been engaged in or associated with any business which to his knowledge was carried on in such manner as to assist an enemy in that war; or
(c) that he has, within the period of five years beginning with the date of the registration or the grant of the certificate, been sentenced in any country to imprisonment for a term of not less than twelve months or to a fine of not less than five thousand ringgit or the equivalent in currency of that country, and has not received a free pardon in respect of the offence for which he was so sentenced.
(1A) The Federal Government may by order deprive of his citizenship any person who is a citizen by registration under Article 16A or Article 17 or a citizen by naturalisation if satisfied that without the Federal Government's approval, he has accepted, served in, or performed the duties of any office, post or employment under the Government of any country outside the Federation or any political sub-division thereof, or under any agency of such a Government, in any case where an oath, affirmation or declaration of allegiance is required in respect of the office, post or employment: provided that a person shall not be deprived of citizenship under this Clause by reason of anything done before the beginning of October 1962, in relation to a foreign country, and before the beginning of January 1977, in relation to a Commonwealth country, notwithstanding that he was at the time a citizen.
(2) The Federal Government may by order deprive of his citizenship any person who is a citizen by registration under Article 16A or 17 or a citizen by naturalization if satisfied that he has been ordinarily resident in countries outside the Federation for a continuous period of five years and during that period has neither -
(a) been at any time in the service of the Federation or of an international organization of which the Federal Government was a member; nor
(b) registered annually at a consulate of the Federation his intention to retain his citizenship: provided that this Clause shall not apply to any period of residence in any Commonwealth country before the beginning of January 1977.
(3) (Repealed)
Article 26
26.
(1) The Federal Government may by order deprive of his citizenship any citizen by registration or by naturalization if satisfied that the registration or certificate of naturalization -
(a) was obtained by means of fraud, false representation or the concealment of any material fact; or
(b) was effected or granted by mistake.
(2) The Federal Government may by order deprive of her citizenship any woman who is a citizen by registration under Clause (1) of Article 15 if satisfied that the marriage by virtue of which she was registered has been dissolved, otherwise than by death, within the period of two years beginning with the date of the marriage.
(3) (Repealed).
(4) (Repealed).
Article 26a 26A. Where a person has renounced his citizenship or been deprived thereof under Clause (1) of Article 24 or paragraph (a) of Clause (1) of Article 26, the Federal Government may by order deprive of his citizenship any child of that person under the age of twenty-one who has ben registered as a citizen pursuant to this Constitution and was so registered as being the child of that person or of that person's wife or husband. Article 26b 26B.
(1) Renunciation or deprivation of citizenship shall not discharge a person from liability in respect of anything done or omitted before he ceased to be a citizen.
(2) No person shall be deprived of citizenship under Article 25, 26 or 26A unless the Federal Government is satisfied that it is not conducive to the public good that he should continue to be a citizen: and no person shall be deprived of citizenship under Article 25, paragraph (b) of Clause (1) of Article 26, or Article 26A if the Federal Government is satisfied that as a result of the deprivation he would not be a citizen of any country.
Article 27
27.
(1) Before making an order under Article 24, 25 or 26, the Federal Government shall give to the person against whom the order is proposed to be made notice in writing informing him of the ground on which the order is proposed to be made and of his right to have the case referred to a committee of inquiry under this Article.
(2) If any person to whom such notice is given applies to have the case referred as aforesaid the Federal Government may, refer the case to a committee of inquiry consisting of a chairman (being a person possessing judicial experience) and two other members appointed by that Government for the purpose.
(3) In the case of any such reference, the committee shall hold an inquiry in such manner as the Federal Government may direct, and submit its report to that Government: and the Federal Government shall have regard to the report in determining whether to make the order.
Article 28
28.
(1) For the purposes of the foregoing provisions of this Chapter -
(a) any person who before Merdeka Day became a federal citizen or a citizen of the Federation by registration as a citizen or in consequence of his registration as a citizen or in consequence of his registration as the subject of the Ruler, or by the grant of a certificate of citizenship, under any provision of the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, or of any State law shall be treated as a citizen by registration and, if he was not born within the Federation, as a citizen by registration under Article 17;
(b) a woman who before that day became a federal citizen or a citizen of the Federation by registration as a citizen, or in consequence of her registration as the subject of the Ruler, under any provision of the said Agreement or any State law authorizing the registration of women married to citizens of the Federation or to subjects of the Ruler shall be treated as a citizen by registration under Clause (1) of Article 15;
(c) any person who before that day was naturalised as a federal citizen or a citizen of the Federation under the said Agreement of became a federal citizen or a citizen of the Federation in consequence of his naturalization as the subject of a Ruler under any State law shall (subject to Clause (2)) be treated as a citizen by naturalization.
and references in those provisions to the registration or naturalization of a citizen shall be construed accordingly.
(2) No person born within the Federation shall be liable by virtue of this Article to be deprived of citizenship under Article 25.
(3) A person who on Merdeka Day became a citizen by operation of law as having been citizen of the Federation immediately before that day shall not be deprived of citizenship under Clause (1) or (2) of Article 24 by reason of anything done on or before that day, but in the case of any such person Clause (2) of Article 25 shall apply equally in relation to a period of residence in foreign countries beginning before Merdeka Day and in relation to such a period beginning on or after that day.
Article 28a 28a.
(1) (Repealed)
(2) For the purposes of Articles 24, 25, 26 and 26A a person who on Malaysia Day becomes a citizen by operation of law because immediately before that day he has the status of a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies shall be treated -
(a) as a citizen by registration if he acquired that status by registration; and
(b) as a citizen by naturalisation if he acquired that status by or in consequence of naturalisation;
and references in those Articles to the registration or naturalisation of a citizen shall be construed accordingly.
(3) Where a woman is under this Article to be treated as a citizen by registration, and the status consequence of which she is to be treated was acquired by her virtue of marriage, then for purposes of Clause (4) of Article 24 and Clause (2) of Article 26 she shall be treated as a citizen by registration under Clause (1) of Article 15.
(4) Where a person born before Malaysia Day is under this Article to be treated as a citizen by registration by virtue of a connection with the State of Sabah or Sarawak and he was not born in the territories comprised in the States of Sabah and Sarawak, Article 25 shall apply to him as if he were a citizen by registration under Article 16a or 17.
(5) Notwithstanding that a person is under this Article to be treated as a citizen by naturalisation,he shall not be deprived of his citizenship under Article 25 if he was born before Malaysia Day in the territories comprised in the States of Sabah and Sarawak and is to be treated by virtue of a status acquired by or in consequence of naturalisation in those territories.
(6) Without prejudice to the forgoing Clauses, where on Malaysia Day a person becomes a citizen by operation of law in virtue of any status possessed by him immediately before that day to be deprived of that status under the law relating thereto, then the Federal Government may by order deprive him of his citizenship, ir proceedings for that purpose are begun before September 1965: but Clause (2) of Article 26b and, subject to Clause (7), Article 27 shall apply to an order under this Clause as they apply to an order under Article 25.
(7) Where a person is liable to be deprived of citizenship under Clause (6) and proceedings had before Malaysia Day begun to deprive him of the status of virtue of which he acquired his citizenship, those proceedings shall be treated as proceedings to deprive him of citizenship under that Clause, and shall be continued in accordance with the law relating to that status immediately before Malaysia Day, and the functions the Federal Government in relation thereto shall be delegated to such authority of the State in question as the Federal Government may determine.
Chapter 3 - Supplemental
Article 29
29.
(1) In accordance with the position of the Federation within the Commonwealth, every person who is a citizen of the Federation enjoys by virtue of that citizenship the status of a Commonwealth citizen in common with the citizens of other Commonwealth countries.
(2) Any existing law shall, except so far as Parliament otherwise provides, apply in relation to a citizen of the Republic of Ireland who is not also a Commonwealth citizen as it applies in relation to a Commonwealth citizen.
Article 30
30.
(1) The Federal Government may, on the application of any person with respect to whose citizenship a doubt exists, whether of fact or of law, certify that person is a citizen.
(2) A certificate issued under Clause (1) shall, unless it is proved that it was obtained by means of fraud, false representation or concealment of any material fact, be conclusive evidence that the person to whom it relates was a citizen on the date of the certificate, but without prejudice to any evidence that he was a citizen at an earlier date.
(3) For the purpose of determining whether a person was born a citizen of the Federation, any question whether he was born a citizen of another country shall be decided by the Federal Government,whose certificate thereon (unless proved to have been obtained by means of fraud, false representation or concealment of a material fact ) shall be conclusive.
(4) (Repealed)
Article 30a 30A. (Repealed) Article 30b 30B. (Repealed)
Article 31
31. Until Parliament otherwise provides, the supplementary provisions contained in Part lll of the Second Schedule shall have effect for the purposes of this Part.
./constitution_parse.pl < ../data/data_in ./constitution_parse.pl < ../data/data_in ./constitution_parse.pl < ../data/data_in

PART IV - THE FEDERATION
Chapter 1 - The Supreme Head
Article 32
32.
(1) There shall be a Supreme Head of the Federation, to be called the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who shall take precedence over all persons in the Federation and shall not be liable to any proceedings whatsoever in any court.
(2) The Consort of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (to be called the Raja Permaisuri Agong) shall take precedence next after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong over all other persons in the Federation.
(3) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be elected by the Conference of Rulers for a term of five years, but may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Conference of Rulers or be removed from office by the Conference of Rulers, and shall cease to hold office on ceasing to be a Ruler.
(4) The provisions of Part l and lll of the Third Schedule shall apply to the election and removal of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
Article 33
33.
(1) There shall be a Deputy Supreme Head of the Federation (to be called the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong) who shall exercise the functions and have the privileges of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong during any vacancy in the office of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and during any period during which the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is unable to exercise the functions of his office owing to illness, absence from the Federation or for any other cause, but the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not exercise those functions during any inability or absence of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong which is expected to be less than fifteen days, unless the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan is satisfied that it is necessary or expedient to exercise such functions.
(2) The Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be elected by the Conference of Rulers for a term of five years, or if elected during the term for which the Yang di-Pertuan Agong was elected, for the remainder of that term, but may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Conference of Rulers and shall cease to hold office on ceasing to be a Ruler.
(3) If during the term for which the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong was elected a vacancy occurs in the office of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong his term shall expire on the cessation of the vacancy.
(4) the provisions of Part ll of the Third Schedule shall apply to the election of the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
(5) Parliament may by law provide for the exercise by a Ruler of the functions of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in cases where those functions would under Clause (1) fall to be exercised owing to a vacancy in the office of the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong or to his illness, absence from the Federation or to any other cause; but such a law shall not be passed without the consent of Conference of Rulers.
Article 34
34.
(1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not exercise his functions as Ruler of his State except those Head of the religion of Islam.
(2) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not hold any appointment carrying any remuneration.
(3) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not actively engage in any commercial enterprise.
(4) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not receive any emoluments of any kind payable or accruing to as the Ruler of his State under the provisions of the Constitution of that State or of any State law.
(5) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not, without the consent of the Conference of Rulers, be absent from the Federation for more than fifteen days, except on a State visit to another country.
(6) Clauses (2) and (3) shall apply to the Raja Permaisuri Agong.
(7) Where the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong or any other person authorised by law exercises the functions of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for a period exceeding fifteen days Clause (1) to (5) shall apply to him during that period as they apply to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
(8) Nothing in Clause (1) shall prevent the Yang di-Pertuan Agong exercising as Ruler of his State any power vested in him either alone or in conjunction with any other authority -
(a) to amend the Constitution of the State; or
(b) to appoint a Regent or member of a Council of Regency in the place of any Regent or member, as the case may be, who has died or has become incapable for any reason of performing the duties of the office of Regent or member of the Council of Regency..... respectively.
Article 35
35.
(1) Parliament shall by law provide a Civil List of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong which shall include provision of an annuity to be paid to the Raja Permaisuri Agong, and shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund and shall not be diminished during the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's continuance in office.
(2) Parliament shall by law make provision for the renumeration of the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong or any other person authorized by law to exercise the functions of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong during any period during which he exercises those functions and the renumeration for which provision is made in pursuance of this Clause shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.
Article 36
36. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall keep and use the Public Seal of the Federation.
Article 37
37.
(1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall before exercising his functions take and subscribe before the Conference of Rulers and in the presence of the Lord President of the Supreme Court (or in his absence the next senior judge of the Supreme Court available) the oath of office set out in Part 1 of the Fourth Schedule; and the oath shall be attested by two persons appointed for the purpose by the Conference of Rulers.
(2) The Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall before exercising his functions, other than the functions exercisable for the purpose of convening the Conference of Rulers, take and subscribe before the Conference of Rulers and in the presence of the Lord President of the Supreme Court (or in his absence the next senior judge of the Supreme Court available) the oath of office set out in Part 11 of the Fourth Schedule.
(3) The said oaths, translated into English, are set out in Part 11 of the Fourth Schedule.
(4) Any law made under Article 33 (5) shall make provision corresponding (with the necessary modifications) to Clause (2).
Chapter 2 - The Conference of Rulers
Article 38
38.
(1) There shall be a Majlis Raja-Raja (Conference of Rulers), which shall be constituted in accordance with the Fifth Schedule.
(2) The Conference of Rulers shall exercise its functions of -
(a) electing, in accordance with the provisions of the Third Schedule, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong;
(b) agreeing or disagreeing to the extension of any religious acts, observances or ceremonies to the Federation as a whole;
(c) consenting or withholding consent to any law and making or giving advice on any appointment which under this Constitution requires the consent of the Conference or is to be made by or after consultation with the Conference,
and may deliberate on questions of national policy (for example changes in immigration policy) and any other matter that it thinks fit.
(3) When the Conference deliberates on matters of national policy the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be accompanied by the Prime Minister, and the other Rulers and the Yang di-Pertua-Yang di-Pertua Negeri by their Menteri-Menteri Besar or Chief Ministers; and the deliberations shall be among the functions exercised, by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet, and by other Rulers and the Yang di-Pertua -Yang di-Pertua Negeri in accordance with the advice of their Executive Councils.
(4) No law directly affecting the privileges, position, honours or dignities of the Rulers shall be passed without the consent of the Conference of Rulers.
(5) The Conference of Rulers shall be consulted before any change in policy affecting administrative action under Article 153 is made.
(6) The members of the Conference of Rulers may act in their discretion in any proceedings relating to the following functions, that is to say -
(a) the election or removal from office of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the election of the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong;
(b) the advising on any appointment;
(c) the giving or withholding of consent to any law altering the boundaries of a State or affecting the privileges, position, honours or dignities of the Rulers; or
(d) the agreeing or disagreeing to the extension of any religious acts, observances or ceremonies to the Federation as a whole.
(7) (Repealed).
Chapter 3 - The Executive
Article 39
39. The executive authority of the Federation shall be vested in the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and exercisable, subject to the provisions of any federal law and of the Second Schedule, by him or by the Cabinet or any Minister authorised by the Cabinet, but Parliament may by law confer executive function on other persons.
Article 40
40.
(1) In the exercise of his functions under this Constitution or federal law and of the Second Schedule, by him or by the Cabinet or any Minister authorised by the Cabinet, but Parliament made by law confer executive function on other persons.
Article 40a
40a.
(1) In the exercise of his functions under this Constitution or federal law the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall act in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet or of a Minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet, except as otherwise provided by this Constitution; but shall be entitled, at his request, to any information concerning the government of the Federation which is available to the Cabinet.
(2) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may act in his discretion in the performance of the following functions, that is to say -
(a) the appointment of a Prime Minister;
(b) the withholding of consent to a request for the dissolution of Parliament;
(c) the requisition of a meeting of the Conference of Rulers concerned solely with the privileges, position, honours and dignities of Their Royal Highnesses, and any action at such a meeting and in any other case mentioned in this Constitution.
(3) Federal law may make provision for requiring the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to act after consultation with or on the recommendation of any person or body of persons other than the Cabinet in the exercise of any of his functions other than -
(a) functions exercisable in his discretion;
(b) functions with respect to the exercise of which provision is made in any other Article.
Article 41
41. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be the Supreme Commander of the armed forces of the Federation.
Article 42
42. (1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong has power to grant pardons, reprieves and respites in respect of all offences which have been tried by court-martial and all offences committed in the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan; and the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of a State has power to grant pardons, reprieves and respites in respect of all other offences committed in his State.
(2) Subject to Clause (10), and without prejudice to any provision of federal or State law to remit, suspend or commute sentences for any offence shall be exercisable by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong if the sentence was passed by a court-martial or by a civil court exercising jurisdiction in the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan and, in any other case, shall be exercisable by the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of the State in which the offence was committed.
(3) Where an offence was committed wholly or partly outside the Federation or in more than one State or in circumstances which make it doubtful where it was committed, it shall be treated for the purposes of this Article as having been committed in the State in which it was tried. For the purpose of this Clause the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur or the Federal Territory of Labuan as the case may be, shall each be regarded as a State.
(4) The powers mentioned in this Article -
(a) are, so far as they are exercisable by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, among functions with respect to which federal law may make provision under Article 40 (3);
(b) shall, so far as they are exercisable by the Ruler or Yang di-Pertuan Negeri of a State, be exercised on the advice of a Pardons Board constituted for that State in accordance with Clause (5).
(5) The Pardons Board constituted for each State shall consist of the Attorney General of the Federation, the Chief Minister of the State and not more than three other members, who shall be appointed by the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri; but the Attorney General may from time to time by instrument in writing delegate his functions as a member of the Board to any other person, and the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri may appoint any person to exercise temporarily the functions of any member of the Board appointed by him who is absent or unable to act.
(6) The members of a Pardons Board appointed by the Ruler or Yang Dipertua Negeri shall be appointed for a term of three years and shall be eligible for re-appointment, but may at any time resign from the Board.
(7) A member of the Legislative Assembly of a State or of the House of Representatives shall not be appointed by the Ruler or Yang Dipertua Negeri to be a member of a Pardons Board or to exercise temporarily the functions of such a member.
(8) The Pardons Board shall meet in the presence of the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri and he shall preside over it.
(9) Before tendering their advice on any matter a Pardons Board shall consider any written opinion which the Attorney General may have delivered thereon.
(10) Notwithstanding anything in this Article, the power to grant pardons, reprieves and respites in respect of, to remit, suspend or commute sentences imposed by any court established under any law regulating Islamic religious affairs in the State of Malacca, Penang, Sabah or Sarawak or the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan shall be exercisable by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as Head of the religion of Islam in the State.
(11) For the purpose of this Article, there shall be constituted a single Pardons Board for the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and the Federal territory of Labuan and the provisions of Clauses (5), (6), (7), (8) and (9) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the Pardons Board under this Clause except that reference to "Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri" shall be construed as reference to the Minister responsible for the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and the Federal Territory of Labuan.
Article 43
43.
(1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall appoint a Jemaah Menteri (Cabinet of Ministers) to advise him in the exercise of his functions.
(2) The Cabinet shall be appointed as follows, that is to say -
(a) the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall first appoint as Perdana Menteri (Prime Minister) to preside over the Cabinet a member of the House of Representative who in his judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of that House; and
(b) he shall on the advice of the Prime Minister appoint other Menteri (Ministers) from among the members of either House of Parliament;
but if an appointment is made while parliament is dissolved a person who was a member of the last House of Representatives may be appointed but shall not continue to hold office after the beginning of the next session of Parliament unless, if he has been appointed Prime Minister, he is a member of the new House of Representatives, and in any other case he is a member either of that House or of the Senate.
(3) The Cabinet shall be collectively responsible to Parliament.
(4) If the Prime Minister ceases to command the confidence of the majority of the members of the House of Representatives, then, unless at his request the Yang di-Pertuan Agong dissolves Parliament, the Prime Minister shall tender the resignation of the Cabinet.
(5) Subject to Clause (4), Ministers other than the Prime Minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, unless the appointment of any Minister shall have been revoked by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister but any Minister may resign his office.
(6) Before a Minister exercises the functions of his office he shall take and subscribe in the presence of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong the oath of office and allegiance and the oath of secrecy set out in the Sixth Schedule.
(7) Notwithstanding anything in this Article, a person who is a citizen by naturalization or by registration under Article 17 shall not be appointed Prime Minister.
(8) If a member of the Legislative Assembly of a State is appointed a minister he shall resign from the Assembly before exercising the functions of his office.
(9) Parliament shall by law make provision for the renumeration of members of the Cabinet.
Article 43a
43A.
(1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may on the advice of the Prime Minister appoint Deputy Ministers from among the members of either House of Parliament; but if an appointment is made while Parliament is dissolved a person who was a member of the last House of Representatives may be appointed but shall not hold office after the beginning of the next session of Parliament unless he is a member either of that House or of the Senate.
(2) Deputy Ministers shall assist Ministers in the Ministers in the discharge of their duties and functions, and for such purpose shall have all the powers of Ministers.
(3) The provisions of Clauses (5), (6) and (8) of Article 43 shall apply to Deputy Ministers as they apply to Ministers.
(4) Parliament shall by law make provision for the renumeration of Deputy Ministers.
Article 43b
43B.
(1) The Prime Minister may appoint Parliamentary Secretaries from among the members of either House of Parliament; but if an appointment is made while Parliament is dissolved, a person who was a member of the last House of Representatives may be appointed, but shall not hold office after the beginning of the next session of Parliament unless he is a member either of that House or of the Senate.
(2) Parliamentary Secretaries shall assist Ministers and Deputy Ministers in the discharge of their duties and functions, and for such purpose shall have all the powers of Ministers and Deputy Ministers.
(3) A Parliamentary Secretary may at any time resign his office, and his appointment as such may be determined at any time by the Prime Minister.
(4) Before a Parliamentary Secretary exercises the functions of his office he shall take and subscribe in the presence of the Prime Minister the oath of secrecy set out in the Sixth Schedule.
(5) Parliament shall by law make provision for the renumeration of Parliamentary Secretaries.
Article 43c
43C.
(1) The Prime Minister may appoint such number of persons as he may think fit to be Political Secretaries.
(2) A person appointed as a Political Secretary by virtue of this Article-
(a) need not be a member of either House of Parliament;
(b) may resign his office at any time;
(c) subject to paragraph (b), shall continue in office until such time as his appointment is determined by the Prime Minister.
(3) The provisions of Clause (4) of Article 43B shall apply to Political Secretaries as they apply to Parliamentary Secretaries.
(4) The duties and functions of Political Secretaries, and their renumeration, shall be determined by the Cabinet.
Chapter 4 - Federal Legislature
Article 44
44. The legislative authority of the Federation shall be vested in a Parliament, which shall consist of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and two Majlis (Houses of Parliament) to be known as the Dewan Negara (Senate) and the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives).
Article 45
45.
(1) Subject to Clause (4), the Senate shall consist of elected and appointed members as follows:
(a) two members for each State shall be elected in accordance with the Seventh Schedule; and
(aa) two members for the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and one member for the Federal Territory of Labuan shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong; and
(b) forty members shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
(2) The members to be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be persons who in his opinion have rendered distinguished public service or have achieved distinction in the professions, commerce, industry, agriculture, cultural activities or social service or are representative of racial minorities or are capable of representing the interests of aborigines.
(3) The term of office of a member of the Senate shall, subject to the provisions of the Seventh Schedule, be three years and shall not be affected by a dissolution of Parliament.
(3A) A member of the Senate shall not hold office for more than two terms either continuously or otherwise:
Provided that where a person who has already completed two or more terms of office as a member of the Senate is immediately before the coming into force of this Clause a member of this Clause a member of the Senate, he may continue to serve as such member for the remainder of his term.
(4) Parliament may by law -
(a) increase to three the number of members to be elected for each State;
(b) provide that the members to be elected for each State shall be elected by the direct vote of the electors of that State;
(c) decrease the number of appointed members or abolish appointed members.
Article 46
46.
(1) The House of Representatives shall consist of one hundred and eighty elected members.
(2) There shall be -
(a) one hundred and seventy-two members from the States in Malaysia as follows -
(i) eighteen members from Johore;
(ii) fourteen members from Kedah;
(iii) thirteen members from Kelantan;
(iv) five members from Malacca;
(v) seven members from Negeri Sembilan;
(vi) ten members from Pahang;
(vii) eleven members from Penang;
(viii) twenty-three members from Perak
(ix) two members from Perlis;
(x) twenty members from Sabah;
(xi) twenty-seven members from Sarawak;
(xii) fourteen members from Selangor;
(xiii) eight members from Trengganu; and
(b) eight members from the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan as follows -
(i) seven members from the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur;
(ii) one member from the Federal Territory of Labuan.
Article 47
47. Every citizen resident in the Federation is qualified to be a member -
(a) of the Senate, if he is not less than thirty years old;
(b) of the House of Representatives, if he is not less than twenty-one years old,
unless he is disqualified for being a member by this Constitution or by law made in pursuance of Article 48.
Article 48
48.
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Article, a person is disqualified for being a member of either House of Parliament if -
(a) he is and has been found or declared to be of unsound mind; or
(b) he is an undischarged bankrupt; or
(c) he holds an office of profit; or
(d) having been nominated for election to either House of Parliament or to the Legislative Assembly of a State, or having acted as election agent to a person so nominated, he has failed to lodge any return of election expenses required by law within the time and in the manner so required; or
(e) he has been convicted of an offence by a court of law in the Federation (or, before Malaysia Day, in the territories comprised in the State of Sabah or Sarawak or in Singapore) and sentenced to imprisonment for a term of not less than one year or to a fine of not less than two thousand ringgit and has not received a free pardon; or
(f) he has voluntarily acquired citizenship of, or exercised rights of citizenship in, any country outside the Federation or has made a declaration of allegiance to any country outside the Federation.
(2) Federal law may impose, for such periods as may be specified thereby, disqualification for membership of either House of Parliament on persons committing offences in connection with elections; and any person who has been convicted of such an offence or has in proceedings relating to an election been proved guilty of an act constituting such an offence, shall be disqualified accordingly for a period so specified.
(3) The disqualification of a person under paragraph (d) or paragraph (e) of Clause (1) may be removed by the Yang di-pertuan Agong and shall, if not so removed, cease at the end of the period of five years beginning with the date on which the return mentioned in the said paragraph (d) was required to be lodged, or, as the case may be, the date on which the person convicted as mentioned in the said paragraph (e) was released from custody or the date on which the fine mentioned in the said paragraph (e) was imposed on such person and a person shall not be disqualified under paragraph (f) of clause (1) by reason only of anything done by him before he became a citizen.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this Article, where a member of either House of Parliament becomes disqualified from continuing to be a member thereof pursuant to paragraph (e) of Clause (1) or under a federal law made in pursuance of Clause (2) -
(a) the disqualification shall take effect upon the expiry of fourteen days from the date on which he was -
(i) convicted and sentenced as specified in the aforesaid paragraph (e); or
(ii) convicted of an offence or proved guilty of an act under a federal law made in pursuance of Clause (2); or
(b) if within the period of fourteen days specified in paragraph (a) an appeal or any other court proceedings is brought in respect of such conviction or sentence,or in respect of being so convicted or proved guilty, as the case may be, the disqualification shall take effect upon the expiry of fourteen days from the date on which such appeal or other court proceedings is disposed of by the court; or
(c) if within the period specified in paragraph (a) or the period after the disposal of the appeal or other court proceedings specified in paragraph (b) there is filed a petition for a pardon, such disqualification shall take effect immediately upon the petition being disposed of.
(5) Clause (4) shall not apply for the purpose nomination, election or appointment of any person to either House of Parliament, for which purpose the disqualification shall take effect immediately upon the occurrence of the event referred to in paragraph (e) of Clause (1) or in Clause (2), as the case may be.
Article 49
49. A person shall not at the same time be a member of both Houses of parliament, nor be elected to the House of Representatives for more than one constituency or to the Senate for more than one State, nor be both an elected and an appointed member of the Senate.
Article 50
50.
(1) If a member of either House of Parliament becomes disqualified for membership of that House his seat shall become vacant.
(2) If a person disqualified for being a member of the House of Representatives is elected to that House or if a person disqualified for being a member of the Senate is elected or appointed to the Senate or if an election or appointment to either House is contrary to Article 49, the election or appointment shall be avoid.
(3) (Repealed)
(4) A person cannot be validly nominated for election to membership of either House or appointed to the Senate without his consent.
Article 51
51. A member of either House of Parliament may resign his membership by writing under his hand addressed, if he is a member of the Senate, to the President of the Senate, and if a member of the House of Representatives, to the Speaker of that House.
Article 52
52.
(1) If a member of either House of Parliament is without the leave of the House absent from every sitting of the House for a period of six months the House may declare his seat vacant.
(2) A member of either House of Parliament who has been granted leave of absence from the sittings of the House of which he is a member shall not, for the duration of such leave, participate in any manner in the affairs and business of that House.
Article 53
53.
(1) If any question arises whether a member of a House of Parliament has become disqualified for membership, the decision of that House shall be taken and shall be final:
Provided that this Article shall not be taken to prevent the practice of the House postponing a decision in order to allow for the taking or determination of any proceedings that may affect the decision (including proceedings for the removal of the disqualification).
(2) Where a member of either House of Parliament becomes disqualified under paragraph (e) of Clause (1) of Article 48 or under a federal law made in pursuance of Clause (2) of Article 48, Clause (1) shall not apply and he shall cease to be a member of that House, and his seat shall become vacant, immediately upon his disqualification taking effect in accordance with Clause (4) of Article 48.
Article 54
54.
(1) Save as provided under Clause (3) whenever there is a vacancy among members of the Senate or a casual vacancy among members of the House of Representatives such vacancy or casual vacancy shall be filled within sixty days from the date on which it is established by the Election Commission that there is a vacancy, and an election shall be held or an appointment made accordingly:
Provided that failure to make any such appointment within the period specified in this Clause shall not invalidate any appointment made out of time: Provided further, if a casual vacancy in the House of Representatives is established on a date within six months of the date Parliament shall, in accordance with Clause (3) of Article 55, stand dissolved, such casual vacancy shall not be filled.
(2) (Repealed).
(3) Where a vacancy among members of the Senate relates to a vacancy which shall be filled by a member who shall be elected by a State in accordance with the Seventh Schedule, the provisions of Clause (1) shall not apply to the filling of such vacancy.
Article 55
55.
(1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall from time to time summon Parliament and shall not allow six months to elapse between the last sitting in one session and the date appointed for its first meeting in the next session.
(2) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may prorogue or dissolve Parliament.
(3) Parliament unless sooner dissolved shall continue for five years from the date of its first meeting and shall then stand dissolved.
(4) Whenever Parliament is dissolved shall continue for five years from the date of the dissolution and Parliament shall be summoned to meet on a date not later than one hundred and twenty days from that date.
(5) A Bill pending in Parliament shall not lapse by reason of the prorogation of Parliament.
(6) A Bill pending reconsideration by Parliament in pursuance of Clause (4A) of Article 66 shall not lapse by reason of the prorogation or dissolution of Parliament.
(7) A Bill pending the assent of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong under Clause (4) (a) or Clause (4A) of Article 66 shall not lapse by reason of the prorogation or dissolution of Parliament.
Article 56
56.
(1) The Senate shall from time to time choose one of its members to be Yang di-Pertua Dewan Negara (President of the Senate) and one to be Deputy President of the Senate, and shall, subject to Clause (3), transact no business while the office of President is vacant other than the election of a President.
(2) A member holding office as President or Deputy President shall cease to hold his office on the expiry of the term for which he was elected or appointed a member or on otherwise ceasing to be a member of the Senate, or upon being disqualified under Clause (5), and may at any time resign his office.
(3) During any vacancy in the office of President or during any absence of the President from any sitting, the Deputy President or, if the Deputy President is also absent or if his office is also vacant, such other member as may be determined by the rules of procedure of the Senate, shall act as President.
(4) If a member of the Legislative Assembly of a State is chosen to be President he shall resign from the Assembly before exercising the functions of his office.
(5) A member who is elected to be President shall be disqualified from holding office if after three months of his election to such office or at any time thereafter he is or becomes a member of any board of directors or board of management, or an officer or employee, or engages in the affairs or business, of any organization or body, whether corporate or otherwise, or of any commercial, industrial or other undertaking, whether or not he receives any renumeration, reward, profit to benefit from it:
provided that such disqualification shall not apply where an organization or body carries out any welfare or voluntary work or objective beneficial to the community or any part thereof, or any other work or objective of a charitable or social nature, and the member does not receive any renumeration, reward, pr ofit or benefit from it.
(6) Where any question arises regarding the disqualification of the President under Clause (5) the decision of the Senate shall be taken and shall be final.
Article 57
57.
(1) The House of Representatives shall from time to time elect -
(a) as Yang di-Pertua Dewan Rakyat (Speaker), a person who either is a member of the House or is qualified for election as such a member, and
(b) two Deputy Speakers from among members of the House;
and the House shall, subject to Clause (3), transact no business while the office of Speaker is vacant other than the election of a Speaker.
(1A) Any person elected as Speaker who is not a member of the House of Representatives -
(a) shall before he enters upon the duties of his office, take and subscribe before the House the oath of office and allegiance set out in the Sixth Schedule; and
(b) shall, by virtue of holding his office, be a member of the House additional to the members elected pursuant to Article 46:
Provided that paragraph (b) shall not have effect for the purposes of any of the following provisions of this Constitution, that is to say, Articles 43, 43A, 43B, 50 to 52, 54 and 59; and no person shall be entitled by virtue of that paragraph to vote on any matter before the House.
(2) The Speaker may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Clerk of the House of Representatives, and shall vacate his office -
(a) when the House first meets after a general election;
(b) on his ceasing to be a member of the House otherwise than by reason of a dissolution thereof or, if he is a member by virtue only of paragraph (b) of Clause (1A), on his ceasing to be qualified to be a member;
(bb) upon being disqualified under Clause (5);
(c) if the House at any time so resolves.
(2) A Deputy Speaker may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Clerk of the House of Representatives, and shall vacate his office -
(a) on his ceasing to be a member of the House;
(b) if the House at any time so resolves.
(3) During any vacancy in the office of the Speaker or during any absence of the Speaker from any sitting, otherwise than by reason of the House first meeting after a general election, one of the Deputy Speakers or, if both the Deputy Speakers are absent or if both their offices are vacant, such other member as may be determined by the rules of procedure of the House, shall act as Speaker.
(4) If a member of the Legislative Assembly of a State is chosen to be Speaker he shall resign from the Assembly before exercising the functions of his office.
(5) A person who is elected to be Speaker shall be disqualified from holding such office if after three months of his election to such office or at any time thereafter he is or becomes a member of any board of directors or board of management, or an officer or employee, or engages in the affairs or business, of any organization or body, whether corporate or otherwise, or of any commercial, industrial or other undertaking, whether or not he receives any renumeration, reward, profit or benefit from it.
Provided that such disqualification shall not apply where such organization or body carries out any welfare or voluntary work or objective beneficial to the community or any part thereof, or any other work or objective of a charitable or social nature, and the member does not receive any renumeration, reward, profit or benefit from it.
(6) Where any question arises regarding the disqualification of the Speaker under Clause (5) the decision of the House of Representatives shall be taken and shall be final.
Article 58
58. Parliament shall by law provide for the renumeration of the President and Deputy President of the Senate and the Speaker and Deputy Speakers of the House of Representatives, and the renumeration so provided for the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.
Article 59
59.
(1) Every member of either House of Parliament shall before taking his seat take and subscribe before the person presiding in the House an oath in the form set out in the Sixth Schedule, but a member may before taking that oath take part in the election of a President of the Senate or Speaker of the House of Representatives.
(2) If a member has not taken his seat within six months from the date on which the House first sits after his election or such further time as the House may allow, his seat shall become vacant.
Article 60
60. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may address either House of Parliament or both Houses jointly.
Article 61
61.
(1) In addition to his rights as a member of one of the Houses of Parliament every member of the Cabinet shall have the right to take part in the proceedings of the other House.
(2) Either House of Parliament may appoint as a member of any of its committees the Attorney General or any member of the Cabinet notwithstanding that he is not a member of that House.
(3) This Article does not authorize any person who is not a member of a House to vote in that House or any of its committees.
(4) In this Article "member of the Cabinet" includes a Deputy Minister and a Parliamentary Secretary.
Article 62
62.
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and of federal law, each House of Parliament shall regulate its own procedure.
(2) Each House may act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership, and the presence or participation of any person not entitled thereto shall not invalidate any proceedings.
(3) Subject to Clause (4) and to Articles 89 (1) and 159 (3) and to sections 10 and 11 of the Thirteenth Schedule, each House shall, if not unanimous, take its decision by a simple majority of members voting; and the person presiding shall unless he is a member of the House by virtue only of paragraph (b) of Clause (1A) of Article 57 cast his vote whenever necessary to avoid an equality of votes, but shall not vote in any other case.
(4) In regulating its procedure each House may provide, as respects any decision relating to its proceedings, that it shall not be made except by a specified majority or by a specified number of votes.
(5) Member absent from a House shall not be allowed to vote.
Article 63
63.
(1) The validity of any proceedings in either House of Parliament or any committee thereof shall not be questioned in any court.
(2) No person shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him when taking part in any proceedings of either House of Parliament or any committee thereof.
(3) No person shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything published by or under the authority of either House of Parliament.
(4) Clause (2) shall not apply to any person charged with an offence under the law passed by Parliament under Clause (4) of Article 10 or with an offence under the Sedition Act 1948 as amended by the Emergency (Essential Powers) Ordinance No. 45, 1970.
Article 64
64. Parliament shall by law provide for the remuneration of members of each House.
Article 65
65.
(1) There shall be a Clerk to the Senate and a Clerk to the House of Representatives.
(2) The Clerk to the Senate and the Clerk to the House of Representatives shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and, subject to Clause (3), each shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty years or such other age as Parliament may by law provide, unless he sooner resigns his office:
Provided that this Clause shall not be taken to prevent the Yang di-Pertuan Agong from making the appointment from amongst the members of the public services to which Part X applies for such shorter period as he may deem fir, and this proviso shall be deemed to have been an integral part of this Article as from Merdeka Day.
(3) The Clerk to the Senate and the Clerk to the House of Representatives may be removed from office on the like grounds and in the like manner as a judge of the Supreme Court, except that the representation mentioned in Article 125 (3) shall be a representation made by the President of the Senate or, as the case may be, the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
(4) Except as otherwise expressly provided by this Article, the qualifications for appointment and condition of service of the Clerk to the Senate and the Clerk to the House of Representatives, and of member of the staff of the Houses of Parliament, may be regulated by federal law.
(5) The Clerk to the Senate, the Clerk to the House of Representatives and member of the staff of Parliament are disqualified for being members of either House of Parliament or the Legislative Assembly of any State.
Chapter 5 - Legislative procedure
Article 66
66.
(1) The power of Parliament to make laws shall be exercised by Bills passed by both Houses (or, in the cases mentioned in Article 68, the House of Representatives) and, except as otherwise provided in this Article, assented to by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
(2) Subject to Article 67, a Bill may originate in either House.
(3) When a Bill has been passed by the House in which it originated it shall be sent to the other House; and it shall be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent when it has been passed by the other House and agreement has been reached between the two Houses and any amendments made in it or when it is required to be so presented under Article 68.
(4) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall within thirty days after a Bill is presented to him -
(a) assent to the Bill by causing the Public Seal to be affixed thereto; or
(b) if it is not a money Bill, return the Bill to the House in which it originated with a statement of the reasons for his objection to the Bill, or to any provision thereof.
(4A) If the Yang di-Pertuan Agong returns a Bill to the House in which it originated in accordance with Clause (4) (b), the House shall as soon as possible proceed to reconsider the Bill. If after such reconsideration the Bill is passed by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total number of members of that House in the case of a Bill for making any amendment to the Constitution other than any amendment excepted pursuant to Article 159, and by a simple majority in the case of any other Bill, with or without amendment, it shall be sent together with the objections to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if similarly approved by members of that House, the Bill shall again be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for assent and the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall give his assent thereto within thirty days after the Bill is presented to him.
(4B) If a Bill is not assented to by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong within the time specified in Clause (4) (a) or (4A) hereof, it shall become law at the expiration of the time as specified in Clause (4) (a) or (4A), as the case may be, in the like manner as if he had assented to it.
(5) A Bill shall become law on being assented to by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or as provided in Clause (4B), but no law shall come into force until it has been published, without prejudice, however, to the power of Parliament to postpone the operation of any law or to make laws with retrospective effect.
(6) Nothing in this Article or in Article 68 shall invalidate any law confirming an undertaking given by the Federal Government to the effect that a Bill to which the undertaking relates shall not be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent except in accordance with the undertaking.
Article 67
67.
(1) A Bill or amendment making provision (whether directly or indirectly) for -
(a) imposing or increasing any tax or abolishing, reducing or remitting any existing tax;
(b) the borrowing of money, or the giving of any guarantee, by the Federation, or the amendment of the law relating to the financial obligations of the Federation;
(c) the custody of the Consolidated Fund, the charging of any money on the Consolidated Fund or the abolition or alteration of any such charge;
(d) the payment of moneys into the Consolidated Fund of the payment, issue or withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund of any moneys not charged thereon, or any increase in the amount of such a payment, issue or withdrawal;
(e) the compounding or remission of any debt due to the Federation;
(f) the assignment of a tax or fee or the making of a grant to any State;
(g) the receipt of moneys on account of the Consolidated Fund or the custody or issue of such moneys or the audit of the accounts of the Federation or a State;
being provision as respects which the Minister charged with responsibility for finance signifies that it goes beyond what is incidental only and not of a substantial nature having regard to the purposes of the Bill or amendment shall not be introduced or moved except by a Minister, and a Bill making any such provision shall not be introduced in the Senate.
(2) A Bill or amendment shall not be deemed to make provision for any of the said matters by reason only that it provides -
(a) for the imposition or alteration of any fine or other pecuniary penalty or for the payment or demand of a licence fee or a fee or charge for any service rendered; or
(b) for the imposition, alteration or regulation of any tax or rate by any local authority or body for local purposes.
Article 68
68.
(1) Where a money Bill is passed by the House of Representatives and, having been sent to the Senate at least one month before the end of the session, is not passed by the Senate without amendment within a month, it shall be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent unless the House of Representatives otherwise directs.
(2) Where -
(a) a Bill which is not a money Bill is passed by the House of Representatives and, having been sent to the Senate at least one month before the end of the sessions, is not passed by the Senate or is passed by the Senate with amendments to which the House of Representatives does not agree; and
(b) in the following session (whether of the same Parliament or not) but not earlier than one year after it was first passed by the House of Representatives the same Bill, with no other alterations than those mentioned in Clause (3), is passed again by the House of Representatives and sent to the Senate at least one month before the end of the session and is not passed by the Senate or is passed by the Senate with amendments to which the House of Representatives does not agree,
the Bill shall, unless the House of Representatives otherwise, directs, be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent with such amendments, if any, as may have been agreed to by both Houses.
(3) The alterations referred to in Clause (2) are alterations certified by the Speaker of the House of Representatives to be necessary owing to the time which has elapsed since the Bill was passed in the earlier session or to represent amendments made in that session by the Senate.
(4) When a Bill is presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in pursuance of this Article it shall bear a certificate of the Speaker of the House of Representatives that the provisions of this Article have been complied with, and that certificate shall be conclusive for all purposes and shall not be questioned in any court.
(5) This Article does not apply to any Bill for making any amendment to this Constitution, other than an amendment excepted from the provisions of Article 159 (3).
(6) In this Article "money Bill" means a Bill which, containing in the opinion of the Speaker of the House of Representatives only provision dealing with all or any of the following matters, that is to say -
(a) the matters mentioned in Article 67 (1) or the regulation of any tax;
(b) the reduction of any such amount as is mentioned in paragraph (d) of Article 67 (1); and
(c) any matter incidental to those matters or any of them, is certified by him as a money Bill.
Chapter 6 - Capacity as respects property, contracts and suits
Article 69
69.
(1) The Federation has power to acquire, hold and dispose of property of any kind and to make contracts.
(2) The Federation may sue and be sued.
./constitution_parse.pl < ../data/data_in
PART V - THE STATES
Article 70
70.
(1) Subject to the precedence of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and his Consort, the Rulers and Yang di-Pertua-Yang di-Pertua Negeri of the States shall take precedence over all other persons and each Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri shall in his own State take precedence over the other Rulers and Yang di-Pertua-Yang di-Pertua Negeri.
(2) Subject to Clause (1), the Rulers shall take precedence over the Yang di-Pertua-Yang di-Pertua Negeri and, among themselves, in accordance with the dates on which they acceded as Rulers, and the Yang di-Pertua-Yang di-Pertua Negeri shall take precedence among themselves in accordance with the dates on which they were appointed as Yang di-Pertua-Yang di-Pertua Negeri; and if Yang di-Pertua-Yang di-Pertua Negeri were appointed on the same day the older shall take precedence over the younger.
Article 71
71.
(1) The Federation shall guarantee the right of a Ruler of a State to succeed and to hold, enjoy and exercise the constitutional rights and privileges of Ruler of that State in accordance with the Constitution of that State; but any dispute as to the title to the succession as Ruler of any State shall be determined solely by such authorities and in such manner as may be provided by the Constitution of that State.
(2) Clause (1) shall, with the necessary modifications apply in relation to a Ruling Chief of Negeri Sembilan as it applies to the Ruler of a State.
(3) If it appears to Parliament that in any State any provision of this Constitution or of the Constitution of that State is being habitually disregarded Parliament may, notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, by law make provision for securing compliance with those provisions.
(4) If at any time the Constitution of any State does not contain the provisions set out in Part I of the Eighth Schedule, with or without the modifications allowed under Clause (5) (hereinafter referred to as "the essential provisions") or provisions substantially to the same effect, or contains provisions inconsistent with the essential provisions, Parliament may, notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, by law make provision for giving effect in that State to the essential provisions or for removing the inconsistent provisions.
(5) The provisions set out in Part I of the Eighth Schedule may be modified by substituting for section 2 or section 4 or both the provisions set out in Part II of that Schedule as an alternative thereto -
(a) in the case of every State, until the dissolution of the second Legislative Assembly constituted in accordance with those provisions or those provisions so modified;
(b) in the case of Perlis, until further time as the Legislative Assembly of that State may resolve and, as respects the provision set out in section 2 of that Schedule, indefinitely.
(6) A law made for a State in pursuance of this Article shall, unless sooner repealed by Parliament, cease to have effect on such day as a new Legislative Assembly, constituted in that State after the passing of the law, may resolve.
(7) In relation to the State of Sabah or Sarawak -
(a) Clause (5) shall not apply; but
(b) until the end of August 1975, or such earlier date as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong with the concurrence of the Yang di-Pertua Negeri may by order direct, Clause (4) shall apply as if the reference to the modifications allowed under Clause (5) were a reference to the modifications made by the Constitution of the State as in force on Malaysia Day.
(8) (Repealed).
Article 72
72.
(1) The validity of any proceedings in the Legislative Assembly of any State shall not be questioned in any court.
(2) No person shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him when taking part in proceedings of the Legislative Assembly of any State or of any committee thereof.
(3) No person shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him when taking part in proceedings of the Legislative Assembly of any State or of any committee thereof.
(4) Clause (2) shall not apply to any person charged with an offence under the law passed by Parliament under Clause (4) of Article 10 or with an offence under the Sedition Act 1948 as amended by the Emergency (Essential Powers) Ordinance No. 45, 1970.
./constitution_parse.pl < ../data/data_in

PART VI - RELATIONS BETWEEN THE FEDERATION AND THE STATES
Chapter 1 - Distribution of legislative powers
Article 73
73. In exercising the legislative powers conferred on it by this Constitution -
(a) Parliament may make laws for the whole or any part of the Federation and laws having effect outside as well as within the Federation;
(b) the Legislature of a State may make laws for the whole or any part of that State.
Article 74
74.
(1) Without prejudice to any power to make laws conferred on it by any other Article, Parliament may make laws with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the Federal List of the Concurrent List (that is to say, the First or Third List set out in the Ninth Schedule).
(2) Without prejudice to any power to make laws conferred on it by any other Article, the Legislature of a State may make laws with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the State List (that is to say, the Second List set out in the Ninth Schedule) or the Concurrent List.
(3) The power to make laws conferred by this Article is exercisable subject to any conditions or restrictions imposed with respect to any particular matter by this Constitution.
(4) Where general as well as specific expressions are used in describing any of the matters enumerated in the Lists set out in the Ninth Schedule the generality of the former shall not be taken to be limited by the latter.
Article 75
75. If any State law is inconsistent with a federal law, the federal law shall prevail and the State law shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void.
Article 76
76. (1) Parliament may make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List, but only as follows, that is to say:
(a) for the purposed of implementing any treaty, agreement or convention between the Federation and any other country, or any decision of an international organization of which the Federation is a member; or
(b) for the purpose of promoting uniformity of the laws of two or more State; or
(c) if so requested by the Legislative Assembly of any State.
(2) No law shall be made in pursuance of paragraph (a) of Clause (1) with respect to any matters of Islamic law or the custom of the Malays or to any matters of native law or custom in the States of Sabah and Sarawak and no Bill for a law under that paragraph shall be introduced into either House of Parliament until the Government or any State concerned has been consulted.
(3) Subject to Clause (4), a law made in pursuance of paragraph (b) or paragraph (c) of Clause (1) shall not come into operation in any State until it has been adopted by a law made by the Legislature of that State, and shall then be deemed to be a State law and not a federal law, and may accordingly be amended or repealed by a law made by the Legislature.
(4) Parliament may, for the purpose only of ensuring uniformity of law and policy, make laws with respect to land tenure, the relations of landlord and tenant, registration of titles and deeds relating to land, transfer of land, mortgages, leases and charges in respect of land, easements and other rights and interests in land, compulsory acquisition of land, rating and valuation of land, and local government; and Clauses (1) (b) and (3) shall not apply to any law relating to any such matter.
Article 76a
76A.
(1) It is hereby declared that the power of Parliament to make laws with respect to a matter enumerated in the Federal List includes power to authorise the Legislatures of the States or any of them, subject to such conditions or restrictions (if any) as Parliament may impose, to make laws with respect to the whole or any part of that matter.
(2) Notwithstanding Article 75, a State law made under authority conferred by Act of Parliament as mentioned in Clause (1) may, if and to the extent that the Act so provides, amend or repeal (as regards the State in question) any federal law passed before that Act.
(3) Any matter with respect to which the Legislature of a State is for the time being authorised by Act of Parliament to make laws shall for purposes of Articles 79, 80 and 82 be treated as regards the State in question as if it were a matter enumerated in the Concurrent List.
Article 77
77. The Legislature of a State shall have power to make laws with respect to any matter not enumerated in any of the Lists set out in the Ninth Schedule, not being a matter in respect of which Parliament has power to make laws.
Article 78
78. In so far as any law made by Parliament or any regulation made in pursuance of such a law restricts the rights of a State or its residents to the use for navigation or irrigation of any river wholly within that State it shall not have effect in that State unless it has been approved by a resolution of the Legislative Assembly of that State supported by a majority of the total number of its members.
Article 79
79.
(1) Where it appears to the presiding officer of either House of Parliament or of the Legislative Assembly of any State that a Bill or an amendment to a Bill proposes a change in the law relating to any of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List, or to any of the matters enumerated in the State List with respect to which the Federation is exercising functions in accordance with Article 94, he shall certify the Bill or amendment for the purposes of this Article.
(2) A Bill or amendment certified under this Article shall not be proceeded with until four weeks have elapsed since its publication, unless the presiding officer, being satisfied that the State Governments, or as the case may be, the Federal Government, have been consulted, allows it to be proceeded with on the ground of urgency.
Chapter 2 - Distribution of executive powers
Article 80
80.
(1) Subject to the following provisions of this Article the executive authority of the Federation extends to all matters with respect to which Parliament may make laws, and the executive authority of a State to all matters with respect to which the Legislature of that State may make laws.
(2) The executive authority of the Federation does not extend to any matter enumerated in the State List, except in so far is provided in Articles 93 to 95, nor to any matter enumerated in the Concurrent List, except in so far as may be provided by federal or State law; and so far as federal or State law confers executive authority on the Federation with respect to any matter enumerated in the Concurrent List it may do so to the exclusion of the executive authority of the State.
(3) So far as a law made under Article 76 (4) makes provisions for conferring executive authority on the Federation it shall not operate in any State unless approved by resolution of the Legislative Assembly of that State.
(4) Federal law may provide that the executive authority of a State shall extend to the administration of any specified provisions of federal law and may for that purpose confer powers and impose duties or any authority of the State.
(5) Subject to any provisions of federal or State law, arrangements may be made between the Federation and a State for the performance of any functions by the authorities of the one on behalf of the authorities of the other and such arrangements may provide for the making of payments in respect of any costs incurred under the arrangements.
(6) Where, in pursuance of Clause (4), any functions are conferred by federal law on any authority of a State the Federation shall make such payments to the State as may be agreed between the Federation and the State or as may in default of agreement be determined by a tribunal appointed by the Lord President of the Supreme Court.
Article 81
81. The executive authority of every State shall be so exercised-
(a) as to ensure compliance with any federal law applying to that State; and
(b) as not to impede or prejudice the exercise of the executive authority of the Federation.
Chapter 3 - Distribution of financial burdens
Article 82
82. Where any law or executive action relating to any of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List involves expenditure, such action shall be taken under this Constitution as will ensure that, unless otherwise agreed, the burden of that expenditure is borne-
(a) by the Federation, if the expenditure results either from federal commitments or from State commitments undertaken in accordance with federal policy and with the specific approval of the Federal Government;
(b) by the State or States concerned, if the expenditure results from State commitments undertaken by the State or States on its or their own authority.
Chapter 4 - Land
Article 83
83.
(1) If the Federal Government is satisfied that land in a State, not being alienated land, is needed for federal purposes, that Government may, after consultation with the State Government, require the State Government, and it shall then be the duty of that Government, to cause to be made to the Federation, or to such public authority as the Federal Government may direct, such grant of the land as the Federal Government may direct:
Provided that the Federal Government shall not require the grant of any land reserved for a State purpose unless it is satisfied that it is in the national interest so to do.
(2) Where in accordance with Clause (1) the Federal Government requires the State Government to cause to be made a grant of land in perpetuity, the grant shall be made without restrictions as to the use of the land but shall be subject to the payment annually of an appropriate quit rent and the Federation shall pay to the State a premium equal to the market value for the grant; and where the Federal Government so requires the State Government to cause to be granted any other interest in land, the Federation shall pay to the State the just annual rent therefor and such premium, if any is required by the State Government, as may be just:
Provided that if the value of the land has been increased by means of any improvement made (otherwise than at the expense of the State) while the land was reserved for federal purposes, the increase shall not be taken into consideration in determining the market value, rent or premium for the purposes of this Clause.
(3) Where a requirement is made under Clause (1) in respect of any land which, at the date of the requirement, was intended for any State purpose, then if-
(a) other land is acquired by the State for that purpose in substitution for the first-mentioned land; and
(b) the cost of the land so acquired exceeds the amount paid by the Federation (otherwise than as rent) in accordance with Clause (2) in respect of the interest granted to the Federation,
the Federation shall pay to the State such sum as may be just in respect of the excess.
(4) Where a further grant is made in pursuance of this Article in respect of land an interest in which is vested in the Federation or any public authority, any sums payable by way of premium under Clause (2) in respect of the further grant shall be reduced by an amount equal to the market value of any improvements made (otherwise than at the expense of the State) since that interest became vested as aforesaid.
(5) The foregoing provisions of this Article (except Clause (3)) shall apply in relation to alienated land as they apply in relation to land not being alienated land, but subject to the following modifications:
(a) in Clause (1), the words "after consultation with the State Government" shall be omitted;
(b) where a requirement is made under that Clause, it shall be the duty of the State Government to cause to be acquired by agreement or compulsorily such interest in the land as may be necessary for complying with the requirement;
(c) any expenses incurred by the State in or in connection with the acquisition of land in accordance with paragraph (b) shall be repaid by the Federation, except that if the acquisition is by agreement the Federation shall not, unless it is party to the agreement, by liable to pay more than it would have paid on a compulsory acquisition;
(d) any sum paid by the Federation to the State in accordance with paragraph (c) shall be taken into consideration in determining for the purposes of Clause (2) the market value, the appropriate quit rent or the just annual rent, and shall be deducted from any premium to be paid by the Federation under that Clause.
(6) Where a grant is made to the Federation in pursuance of Clause (1) in respect of land which, or an interest in which, was acquired by the State Government at the expense of the Government of the Federation of Malaya before Merdeka Day, paragraph (d) of Clause (5) shall apply to the sums paid in respect of the acquisition by the Government of the Federation of Malaya as if they were sums paid by the Federation in accordance with paragraph (c) of Clause (5); and Clause (3) shall not apply to any such land.
(7) Nothing in this Article shall prevent the reservation of land in a State for federal purposes on such terms and conditions as may be agreed between the Federal Government and the Government of the State, or affect the power of the appropriate authority in a State to acquire in accordance with any law for the time being in force any alienated land for federal purposes without a requirement by the Federal Government under this Article.
Article 84
84.
(1) Where any interest in land in a State vested in the Federation or a public authority for federal purposes ceases to be required for federal purposes, it shall revert to that State if the State Government agrees to pay to the Federation-
(a) in a case where the land, or an interest therein, was acquired by the State Government in pursuance of Clause (5) of Article 83, or was acquired by the State Government at the expense of the Government of the Federation of Malaya before Merdeka Day, an amount equal to the market value of the interest vested in the Federation or public authority;
(b) in any other case, at the option of the State Government, either-
(i) an amount equal to the market value of that interest; or
(ii) an amount equal to the sums paid (otherwise than as rent) by the Federation, or by the Government of the Federation of Malaya before Merdeka Day, in respect of the grant of that interest, together with the market value of any improvements made (otherwise than at the expense of the State) to the land after that grant.
(2) Where any interest in land to which Clause (1) applies does not revert to the State in accordance with that Clause, the Federal Government or the public authority, as the case may be, may sell the interest on such terms and conditions as that Government or authority may think fit.
Article 85
85. (1) Where any land in a State which is reserved for any federal purposes ceases to be required for those purposes, the Federal Government shall offer to release the land to the State on condition that the State pays to the Federation-
(a) the market value of any improvements made (otherwise than at the expense of the State) while the land was in use for federal purposes; and
(b) the amount, if any, paid by the Federation, or paid before Merdeka Day by the Government of the Federation of Malaya, in respect of the cost of acquisition of any interest in the land by the State Government;
and if the State Government accepts the offer the reservation shall cease.
(2) Where the State Government does not accept an offer made in accordance with Clause (1), then, unless by agreement between the Federal Government and the State Government the land is reserved for another federal purpose, the Federal Government may require the State Government, and it shall then be the duty of that Government, to cause to be made to the Federation a grant of the land in perpetuity without restrictions as to the use of the land, but subject to the payment of a premium equal to the market value of the land reduced by the amounts which would have been payable to the Federation under Clause (1) if the said offer had been accepted, and to the payment annually of an appropriate quit rent; and where such a grant is made to the Federation, the Federal Government may sell and transfer or lease the land on such terms and conditions as it may think fit.
(3) Except as provided by this Article, land in a State which is reserved for federal purposes shall not cease to be so reserved, and all land so reserved shall be controlled and managed by or on behalf of the Federal Government.
Article 86
86.
(1) Where any interest in land is vested in the Federation, the Federation may, subject to Article 84 and to Clause (2) of this Article, dispose of that interest or any smaller interest in the land.
(2) Every such disposition of an interest in land shall be made conditional on the land being used for a federal purpose specified therein, and no such disposition shall be made to a person other than a public authority except-
(a) under and in accordance with the provisions of federal law; or
(b) by an order of the Yang-di-Pertuan Agong laid and approved in accordance with Clause (3):
Provided that nothing in this Clause shall apply to a disposition authorised by Article 84 or Article 85, or to a disposition by the Federation to any person for the purposes of the implementation of any treaty, agreement or convention with any other country, or to any person in his capacity as consular or diplomatic representative of any other country.
(3) An order of the Yang-di-Pertuan Agong under paragraph (b) of Clause (2) shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament and shall not take effect until it is approved by resolution of each House.
(4) Except as provided by Article 84, no interest in land vested for federal purposes in a public authority, or vested in any other person by virtue of a disposition under this Article, shall be disposed of by that authority or person otherwise than to the Federation.
(5) Where any interest in land in a State is disposed of by or to the Federation or any public authority in pursuance of this Article or of Article 84 and 85, it shall be the duty of the Government of that State to register the transaction accordingly.
(6) The foregoing provisions of this Article shall not apply to any land or interest in land in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur or the Federal Territory of Labuan howsoever vested in the Federation, and the Federation may dispose of such land or interest.
Article 87
87.
(1) Where any dispute arises between the Federal Government and a State Government as to the making of any payment by or to the Federation under the foregoing Articles of this Chapter, or as to the amount of any such payment, the dispute shall be referred, at the instance either of the Federal Government or of the State Government, to the Lands Tribunal appointed in accordance with this Article.
(2) The Lands Tribunal shall consist of-
(a) a chairman, who shall be appointed by the Lord President of the Supreme Court and who shall be, or have been, or be qualified to be a judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court, or shall before Malaysia Day have been a judge of the Supreme Court;
(b) a member who shall be appointed by the Federal Government; and
(c) a member who shall be appointed by the State Government.
(3) The practice and procedure of the Lands Tribunal shall be regulated by rules of court framed by the Rules Committee or other authority having power under written law to make rules or orders regulating the practice and procedure of the Supreme Court.
(4) An appeal shall lie from the Lands Tribunal to the Supreme Court on any question of law.
Article 88
88. In their application to any of the States not having a Ruler, Articles 83 to 87 shall have effect-
(a) subject to such adaptations (if any) as Parliament may by law provide, being adaptations required to secure that they apply (as nearly as practicable having regard to differences in the system of land tenure) in the same manner as they apply to other States and
(b) in the case of the States of Sabah and Sarawak with the omission in article 83 of paragraph (a) of Clause (5).
Article 89
89.
(1) Any land in State which immediately before Merdeka Day was a Malay reservation in accordance with the existing law until otherwise provided by an Enactment-
(a) passed by a majority of the total number of members of the Legislative Assembly and by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting; and
(b) approved by resolution of each house of Parliament passed by a majority of the total number of members by that House and by the voices of not less than two-thirds of the members voting.
(1A) Any law made under Clause (1) providing for the forfeiture or reversal to the State Authority, or for the deprivation, of the ownership of any Malay reservation, or of any right or interest therein, on account of any person, or any corporation, company or other body (whether corporate or unincorporated) holding the same ceasing to be qualified or competent under the relevant law relating to Malay reservations to hold the same, shall not be invalid on the ground of inconsistency with Article 13.
(2) Any land in a State which is not for the time being a Malay reservation in accordance with the existing law and has not been developed or cultivated may be declared as a Malay reservation in accordance with that law:
Provided that-
(a) where any land in a State is declared a Malay reservation under this Clause, an equal area of land in that State which has not been developed or cultivated shall be made available for general alienation; and
(b) the total area of land in a State for the time being declared as a Malay reservation under this Clause shall not at any time exceed the total area of land in that State which has been made available for general alienation in pursuance of paragraph (a).
(3) Subject to Clause (4), the Government of any State may, in accordance with the existing law, declare as a Malay reservation-
(a) any land acquired by that Government by agreement for that purpose;
(b) on the application of the proprietor, and with the consent of every person having a right or interest therein, any other land;
and shall, in accordance with the existing law, immediately declare as a Malay reservation, in a case where any land ceases to be a Malay reservation, any other land of a similar character and of an area not exceeding the area of that land.
(4) Nothing in this article shall authorise the declaration as a Malay reservation of any land which at time of the declaration is owned or occupied by a person who is not a Malay or in or over which such a person has then any right or interest.
(5) Without prejudice to Clause (3), the Government of any State may, in accordance with law, acquire land for the settlement of Malays or other communities, and establish trusts for that purpose.
(6) In this Article "Malay reservation" means land reserved for alienation to Malays or to natives of the State in which it lies; and "Malay" includes any person who, under the law of the State in which he is resident, is treated as a Malay for the purposes of the reservation of land.
(7) Subject to Article 161a, this Article shall have effect notwithstanding any other provision of this Constitution; but (without prejudice to any such other provision) no land shall be retained or declared as a Malay reservation except as provided by this Article and Article 90.
(8) The provisions of this article shall apply to the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur in the like manner that they apply to a state, save that Clause (1) in its application to the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur shall be modified to read that any land in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur which immediately before Merdeka Day was a Malay reservation in accordance in accordance with that law until otherwise provided by an Act of Parliament passed by a majority of the total number of members of each House of Parliament and by the votes of not less than two- thirds of the members present and voting in each House.
Article 90
90.
(1) Nothing in this Constitution shall affect the validity of any restrictions imposed by the law on the transfer or lease of customary land in the State of Negeri Sembilan or the State of Malacca, or of any interesting such land.
(1A) For the purpose of Clause (1) -
(a) "transfer" includes any charge, transmission or vesting, or creation of any lien or trust, or entry of any caveat, or any other form of dealing or disposal of whatever description or nature; and
(b) "lease" includes any tenancy of whatever form or duration.
(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the existing law in the State of Trengganu with respect to Malay holdings shall continue in force until otherwise provided by an Enactment of the Legislature of that State passed and approved as described in Clause (1) of Article 89.
(3) Any such Enactment of the Legislature of the State of Terengganu may make provision for Malay reservations corresponding with the existing law in force in any other State of a ruler; and in that event the said Article 89 shall have effect in relation to Trengganu subject to the following modifications, that is to say-
(a) in Clause (1), for the reference to land which immediately before Meredeka Day was a Malay reservation in accordance with the existing law, there shall be substituted a reference to land which, immediately before the passing of the said Enactment, was a Malay holding; and
(b) subject as aforesaid, any reference to the existing law shall be construed as a reference to the said Enactment.
Article 91
91.
(1) There shall be a National Land Council consisting of a Minister as chairman, one representative from each of the States, who shall be appointed by the Ruler of Yany di- Pertua Negeri, and such number of representatives of the Federal Government as that Government may appoint, but subject to Clause (5) of Article 95E, the number of representatives of the Federal Government shall not exceed 10.
(2) The chairman may vote on any question before the National Land Council but shall not have a casting vote.
(3) The National Land Council shall be summoned to meet by the chairman as often as he considers necessary but there shall be at least one meeting in every year.
(4) If the chairman of a representative of a State or of the Federal Government in unable to attend a meeting, the authority by whom he was appointed may appoint another person to take his place at that meeting.
(5) It shall be the duty of the National Land Council to formulate from time to time in consultation with the Federal Government, the State Governments and the National Finance Council a national policy for the promotion and control of the utilisation of land throughout the Federation for mining, agriculture, forestry or any other purpose, and for the administration of any laws relating thereto; and the Federal and State Governments shall follow the policy so formulated.
(6) The Federal Government or the Government of any State my consult the National Land Council in respect of any other matter relating to the utilization of land or in respect of any purposed legislation dealing with land or of the administration of any such law, and it shall be the duty of the National Land Council to advise that Government on any such matters.
Chapter 5 - National development
Article 92
92.
(1) If, after a recommendation from an expert committee and after consultation with the National Finance Council, The National Land Council and the Government of any State concerned, the Yang di- Pertuan Agong is satisfied that it is conductive to the national interest that a development plan be put into operation in any area or areas in one or more of the States, the Yang di- Pertuan Agong may, after publishing the plan, proclaim the area or areas as a development area; and thereupon Parliament shall have power to give effect to the development plan or any part thereof, notwithstanding that any of the matters to which the plan relates are matters with respect to which, apart from this Article, only States would have power to make laws.
(2) Any Act passed in pursuance of this Article shall recite that it has been so passed and that the provisions of Clause (1) have been complied with; and Article 79 shall not apply ta any Bill for such an Act or any amendment to such a Bill.
(3) In this Article, "development plan" means a plan for the development, improvement, or conservation of the natural resources of a development area, the exploitation of such resources, or the increase of means of employment in the area.
(4) Without prejudice to their power under any other Article to require any interest in land to be acquired or granted for federal purposes, the Federal Government may from time to time require the reservation for the purposes for a development plan, to such extend as they may specify, of any land in a development area which is not occupied by private persons: but any diminution, in consequence of the reservation of the annual revenue received by a State shall be made good to the State by the Federation.
(5) All income received by the Federation through the operation of a development plan shall, subject to Clause (6). Be applied-
(a) in the first instance, for the provision of capital and the meeting of working expenses for the development plan;
(b) in the second instance, for the repayment to the Federation of any expenditure, including expenditure under Clause (4), incurred by the Federation in operating the plan; and
(c) as to the balance, for payments to the State in which the development area is situated in two or more States, to those States in such proportions as the Federal Government may determine.
(6) If it is agreed between the Federal Government and the Government of any State which includes the whole or any part of the development area that any expenditure incurred in operating the development plan is to be met by the State, any expenditure so met shall be repaid to the State and the repayment shall rank pari passu with the repayment to the Federation of any expenditure incurred by the Federation.
(7) Parliament may repeal or amend any Act passed in pursuance of this Article, and for that purpose may make such incidental and consequential provisions as it may consider necessary.
(8) Nothing in this Article shall affect the power of Parliament or of the Legislature of any State-
(a) to impose such taxes or rates as it is authorised to impose under any other provision of this Constitution; or
(b) to make from the Federal Consolidated Fund or the State Consolidated Fund, as the case may be, grants not repayable under Clause (5) or (6);
except that where, in pursuance of Clause (1), a rate is imposed on any property by federal law which, but for this Article, might have been imposed by State law, no rate of the same kind shall be imposed by State law for any period for which the rate imposed by federal law is payable.
Chapter 6 - Federal surveys, advice to States and inspection of State activities
Article 93
93.
(1) The Federal Government may conduct such inquiries (whether by Commission or otherwise), authorise such surveys and collect and publish such statistics as it thinks fit, notwithstanding that such inquiries, surveys and collection and publication of statistics relate to a matter with regard to which the Legislature of a State may make laws.
(2) It shall be the duty if the Government of a State, and of all officers and authorities thereof, to assist the Federal Government in the execution of its powers under this Article; and for this purpose the Federal Government may give such directions as it may deem necessary.
Article 94
94.
(1) The executive authority of the Federation extends to the conduct of research, the provision and maintenance of experimental and demonstration stations, the giving of advice and technical assistance to the Government of any State, and the provision of education, publicity, and demonstration for the inhabitants of any State, in respect of any of the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State may make laws; and the agricultural and forestry officers of any State shall accept any professional advice given to the Government of that State under this Clause.
(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the existing Departments of Agriculture, Commissioner of Lands, Forestry and Social Welfare may continue to exercise the functions exercised by them immediately before Merdeka Day.
(3) Nothing in this Constitution shall prevent the Federal Government from establishing Ministries or Departments of Government to exercise the functions of the Federal Government under Article 93 and this Article in relation to matters within the legislative authority of a State, and such matters may include soil conservation, local government and town and country planning.
Article 95
95.
(1) Subject to Clause (3), in exercising the executive authority of the Federation any officer authorised by the Federal Government may inspect any department or work of a State Government with a view to making a report thereon to the Federal Government.
(2) A report made under this Article shall, if the Federal Government so direct, to be communicated to the Sate Government and laid before the Legislative Assembly of the State.
(3) This Article does not authorise the inspection of any department or work dealing only with or carried on only with respect to matters within the exclusive legislative authority of a State.
Chapter 7 - National Council for Local Government
Article 95a
95A.
(1) There shall be a National Council for Local Government consisting of a Minister as Chairman, one representative from each of the States, who shall be appointed by the Ruler or Yang di- Pertua Negeri, and such number of representatives of the Federal Government as that Government may appoint but, subject to Claus (5) of Article 95E, the number of representatives of the Federal Government shall not exceed ten.
(2) The Chairman may vote on any question before the National Council for Local Government and shall have a casting vote.
(3) The National Council for Local Government shall be summoned to meet by the Chairman as often as he considers necessary but there shall be at least one meeting in every year.
(4) If the Chairman or a representative of a State or of the Federal Government is unable to attend a meeting, the authority by whom he was appointed may appoint another person to take his place at that meeting.
(5) It shall be the duty of the National Council for Local Government to formulate from time to time in consultation with the Federal Government and the State Governments a National policy for the promotion, development and control of local government throughout the Federation and for the administration of any laws relating thereto; and the Federal and State Governments shall follow the policy so formulated.
(6) It shall also be the duty of the Federal Government and the Government of any State to consult the National Council for Local Government in respect of any proposed legislation dealing with local government and it shall be the duty of the National Council for Local Government to advise those Governments on any such matter.
(7) The Federal Government or the Government of any State may consult the National Council for Local Government in respect of any other matter relating to local government, and it shall be the duty of the National Council and Local Government to advise that Government on any such matter.
Chapter 8 - Application to States of Sabah and Sarawak
Article 95b
95B.
(1) In the case of the States of Sabah and Sarawak-
(a) the supplement to List II set out in the Ninth Schedule shall be deemed to form part of the State List, and the matters enumerated therein shall be deemed not to be included in the Federal List or Concurrent List; and
(b) the supplement to List III set out in the Ninth Schedule shall; subject to the State List, be deemed to form part of the Concurrent List, and the matters enumerated therein shall be deemed not to be included in the Federal List (but not so as to affect the construction of the State List, where it refers to the Federal List).
(2) Where by virtue of Clause (1) an item is included in the Concurrent List for a State for a period only, the expiration or termination of that period shall not affect the continued operation of any State law passed by virtue of the item, save as provided by federal or State law.
(3) The Legislature of the State of Sabah or Sarawak may also make laws for imposing sales taxes, and any sales tax imposed by State law in the State of Sabah or Sarawak shall be deemed to be among the matters enumerated in the State List and not in the Federal List; but-
(a) there shall not in the charging or administration of a State sales tax be any discrimination between goods of the same description according to the place in which they originate; and
(b) the charge for any federal sales tax shall be met out of sums collected from a person liable for that tax before the charge for a State sales tax.
Article 95c
95C.
(1) Subject to the provisions of any Act of Parliament passed of the Malaysia Day, the Yang di- Pertuan Agong may by order make as respects any State any such provision as may be made by Act of Parliament-
(a) for authorising the Legislator of the State to make laws as mentioned in Article 76A; or
(b) for extending the executive authority of the State, and the powers or duties of any authority of the State, as mentioned in Clause (4) of Article 80.
(2) An order made by the virtue of paragraph (a) of Clause (1) shall not authorise the Legislature of a State to amend or repeal an Act of Parliament passed after Malaysia Day, unless the Act so provides.
(3) Clause (3) of Article 76A and Clauses (6) of Article 80 shall apply in relation to an order under paragraph (a) respectively of Clause (1) of this Article as they apply in relation to an Act of Parliament.
(4) Where an order under this Article is revoked by a later order, the later order may include provision for continuing in force (generally or to such extent or for such purposes as the order may specify) any State law passed by virtue of the earlier order or any subsidiary legislation made or thing done under any such State law, and from the coming into operation of the later order any State law thereby continued in force shall have effect as federal law:
Provided that no provision shall be continued in force by virtue of this Clause if or in so far as it could not have been made by Act of Parliament.
(5) Any order of the Yang di- Pertuan Agong under this Article shall be laid before each House of Parliament.
Article 95d
95D. In relation to the State of Sabah or Sarawak, Clause (4) of Article 76 shall not apply, nor shall paragraph (b) of Clause (1) of that Article enable Parliament to make laws with respect to any of the matters mentioned in Clause (4) of that Article.
Article 95e
95E.
(1) In relation to the State of Sabah or Sarawak Articles 91, 92, 94 and 95A shall have effect subject to the following Clauses.
(2) Subject to Clause (5), under Article 91 and under Article 95A the State Government shall not be required to follow the policy formulated by the National Land Council or by the National Council for Local Government, as the case may be, but the representative of the State shall not be entitled to vote on questions before the Council.
(3) Under Article 92 no area in the State shall be proclaimed a development area for the purposes of any development plan without the concurrence of the Yang di- Pertua Negeri.
(4) Under Clause (1) of Article 94 (under which in respect of matters in the State List the Federation may conduct research, give advice and technical assistance, etc.) the agricultural and forestry officers of the State of Sabah and Sarawak shall consider, but shall not be required to accept, professional advice given to the Government of the State.
(5) Clause (2) shall cease to apply to a State-
(a) as regards Article 91, if Parliament so provides with the concurrence of the Yang di- Pertua Negeri; and
(b) as regards Article 95A, if Parliament so provides with the concurrence of the Legislative Assembly;
but for each representative of the State of Sabah or Sarawak becoming entitled, by virtue of this Clause, to vote on questions before the National Land Council or National Council for Local Government, one shall be added to the maximum number of representatives of the Federal Government on that Council.
./constitution_parse.pl < ../data/data_in
PART VII - FINANCIAL PROVISIONS
Chapter 1 - General
Article 96
96. No tax or rate shall be levied by or for the purposes of the Federation except by or under the authority of federal law.
Article 97
97.
(1) All revenues and moneys howsoever raised or received by the Federation shall, subject to the provisions of this Constitution and of federal law, be paid into and form one fund, to be known as the Federal Consolidated Fund.
(2) All revenues and moneys howsoever raised or received by a State shall, subject to Clause (3) and to any law, be paid into and form one fund, to be known as the Consolidated Fund of the State.
(3) If in accordance with State law or in respect of the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan, in accordance with federal law any Zakat, Fitrah, Bait-ul-Mal or similar Islamic religious revenue is raised, it shall be paid into a separate fund and shall not be paid out except under the authority of State law or federal law, as the case may be.
(4) Unless the context otherwise requires, any reference in this Constitution to the Consolidated Fund shall be construed as a reference to the Federal Consolidated Fund.
Article 98
98. (1) There shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund, in addition to any grant, remuneration or other moneys so charged by any other Article or federal law-
(a) all pensions, compensation for loss of office and gratuities for which the Federation is liable;
(b) all debt charges for which the Federation is liable; and
(c) any moneys required to satisfy any judgment, decision or award against the Federation by any court or tribunal.
(2) In making payment of any grant to a State in accordance with the provisions of this Part, the Federation may deduct the amount of any debt charges payable to the Federation by the State and charged on the Consolidated Fund of that State.
(3) For the purposes of this Article debt charges include interest, sinking fund charges, the repayment or amortisation of debt, and all expenditure in connection with the raising of loans on the security of the Consolidated Fund and the service and redemption of debt created thereby.
Article 99
99.
(1) The Yang di- Pertuan Agong shall, in respect of every financial year, cause to be laid before the House of Representatives a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Federation for that year, and, unless Parliament in respect of any year otherwise provides, that statement shall be so laid before the commencement of that year:
Provided that there may be separate statements of estimated receipts and estimated expenditure, and in that case it shall not be necessary for the statement of receipts to be so laid before the commencement of the year to which it relates.
(2) The estimates of expenditure shall show-
(a) the total sums required to meet expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund; and
(b) subject to Clause (3), the sums required to meet the expenditure for other purposes proposed to be met from the Consolidated Fund.
(3) The sums to be shown under paragraph (b) of Clause (2) do not include-
(a) sums representing the proceeds of any loan raised by the Federation for specific purposes and appropriated for those purposes by the Act authorising the raising of the loan;
(b) sums representing any money or interest on money received by the Federation subject to a trust and to be applied in accordance with the terms of the trust;
(c) sums representing any money held by the Federation which has been received or appropriated for the purpose of any trust fund established by or in accordance with Federal law.
(4) The said statement shall also show, so far as is practicable, the assets and liabilities of the Federation at the end of the last completed financial year, the manner in which those assets are invested or held, and the general purposes in respect of which those liabilities are outstanding.
Article 100
100. The expenditure to be met from the Consolidated Fund but not charged thereon, other than expenditure to be met by such sums as are mentioned in Clause (3) of Article 99, shall be included in a Bill, to be known as a Supply Bill, providing for the issue from the Consolidated Fund of the sums necessary to meet that expenditure and the appropriation of those sums for the purposes specified therein.
Article 101
101. If in respect of any financial year it is found-
(a) that the amount appropriated by the Supply Act for any purpose is insufficient, or that a need has arisen for expenditure for a purpose for which no amount has been appropriated by the Supply Act; or
(b) that any moneys have been expended for any purpose in excess of the amount (if any) appropriated for that purpose by the Supply Act,
asupplementary estimate showing the sums required or spent shall be laid before the House of Representatives and the purposes of any such expenditure shall be included in a Supply Bill.
Article 102
102. Parliament shall have power in respect of any financial year-
(a) before the passing of the Supply Bill, to authorise by law expenditure for part of the year;
(b) to authorise by law expenditure for the whole or part of the year otherwise than in accordance with Articles 99 to 101, if owing to the magnitude or indefinite character of any service or to circumstances of unusual urgency if appears to Parliament to be desirable to do so.
Article 103
103.
(1) Parliament may by law provide for the creation of a Contingencies Fund and for authorising the Minister charged with responsibility for finance, if satisfied that there has arisen an urgent and unforeseen need for expenditure for which no other provision exists, to make advances from the Contingencies Fund to meet that need.
(2) Where any advance is made in accordance with Clause (1), a supplementary estimate shall be presented and a Supply Bill introduced as soon as possible for the purpose of replacing the amount so advanced.
Article 104
104.
(1) Subject to Clause (2), no moneys shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated fund unless they are-
(a) charged on the Consolidated Fund; or
(b) authorised to be issued by a Supply Act; or
(c) authorised to be issued under Article 102.
(2) Clause (1) does not apply to any such sums as are mentioned in Clause (3) of Article 99.
(3) No moneys shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund except in the manner provided by federal law.
Article 105
105.
(1) There shall be an Auditor General, who shall be appointed by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister and after consultation with the Conference of Rulers.
(2) A person who has held the office of Auditor General shall be eligible for re- appointment but shall not be eligible for any other appointment in the service of the Federation or for any appointment in the service of a State.
(3) The Auditor General may at any time resign his office but shall not be removed from office except on the like grounds and in the like manner as a judge of the Supreme Court.
(4) Parliament shall by law provide for the remuneration of the Auditor General, and the remuneration so provided shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.
(5) The remuneration and other terms of office (including pension rights) of the Auditor General shall not be altered to his disadvantage after his appointment.
(6) Subject to the provisions of this Article, the terms and conditions of service of the Auditor General shall be determined by federal law and, subject to the provisions of federal law, by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong.
Article 106
106.
(1) The accounts of the Federation and of the States shall be audited and reported on by the Auditor General.
(2) The Auditor General shall perform such other duties and exercise such powers in relation to the accounts of the Federation and of the States and to the accounts of other public authorities and of those bodies which are specified by order made by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong, as may be provided by federal law.
Article 107
107.
(1) The Auditor General shall submit his reports to the Yang di- Pertuan Agong, who shall cause them to be laid before the House of Representatives.
(2) A copy of any such report relating to the accounts of a State, or to the accounts of any public authority exercising powers conferred by State law, shall be submitted to the Ruler or Yang di- Pertua Negeri of that State, who shall cause it to be laid before the Legislative Assembly.
Article 108
108.
(1) There shall be a National Finance Council consisting of the Prime Minister, such other Ministers as the Prime Minister may designate, and one representative from each of the States, appointed by the Ruler or Yang di- Pertua Negeri.
(2) The National Finance Council shall be summoned to meet by the Prime Minister as often as he considers necessary and whenever the representatives of three or more States demand a meeting, but there shall be at least one meeting in every twelve months.
(3) At any meeting of the National Finance Council the Prime Minister may be represented by another Minister of the Federation, and the Prime Minister or, if he is not present, the Minister representing him, shall preside.
(4) It shall be the duty of the Federal Government to consult the National Finance Council in respect of-
(a) the making of grants by the Federation to the States;
(b) the assignment to the States of the whole of any portion of the proceeds of any federal tax of fee;
(c) the annual loan requirements of the Federation and the States and the exercise by the Federation and the States of their borrowing powers;
(d) the making of loans to any of the States;
(e) the making of development plans in accordance with Article 92;
(f) the matters referred to in item 7 (f) and (g) of Federal Lists;
(g) any proposal to introduce a Bill for such a law as is mentioned in Article 109 (2) or Article 110 (3) or (3A);
(h) any other matter in respect of which this Constitution or federal law makes provision for consultation with the National Finance Council.
(5) The Federal Government may consult the National Finance Council in respect of any other matter, whether or not it involves questions of finance, and the Government of a State may consult the said Council in respect of any matter which affects the financial position of that State.
Article 109
109.
(1) The Federation shall make to each State in respect of each financial year-
(a) a grant, to be known as a capitation grant, which shall be calculated in accordance with the provisions of Part I of the Tenth Schedule;
(b) a grant for the maintenance of State roads, to be known as the State road grant, which shall be calculated in accordance with the provisions of Part II of that schedule.
(2) Parliament may from time to time by law vary the rates of the capitation grant; but if the effect of any such law is to reduce grant, provision shall be made in that law for securing that the amount of grant received by any State in respect of any financial year is not less than ninety per cent of the amount received by that State in the preceding financial year.
(3) Parliament may by law make grants for specific purposes to any of the States on such terms and conditions as may be provided by any such law.
(4) The amounts required for making the grants mentioned in the preceding provisions of this Article shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.
(5) If, in accordance with Article 103, a Contingencies Fund is created, the power to make advances from that Fund for meeting an urgent and unforeseen need for expenditure shall include power to make such advances to a State for meeting such a need.
(6) The Federation shall pay into a fund, to be known as the State Reserve Fund-
(a) (Repealed)
(b) in respect of every financial year such sum as the Federal Government may, after consultation with the National Finance Council, determine to be necessary;
and the Federation may from time to time, after consultation with the National Finance Council, make grants out of the State Reserve Fund to any State for purposes of development or generally to supplement its revenues.
Article 110
110.
(1) Subject to Clause (2), each of the States shall reserve all proceeds from the taxes, fees and other sources of revenue specified in Part III of the Tenth Schedule so far as collected, levied or raised within the State.
(2) Parliament may from time to time by law substitute for any source of revenue specified in section 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 or 14 of Part III of the Tenth Schedule or for any source of revenue so substituted, another source of revenue of substantially equal value.
(3) Each State shall receive, on such terms and conditions as may be provided by or under federal law, ten per cent or such greater amount as may be so provided of the export duty on tin produced in the State.
(3A) Parliament may by law provide that each State shall receive, on such terms and conditions as may be prescribed by or under federal law, such proportion as may be so prescribed of the export duty on minerals (other than tin) produced in the State.
In this Article minerals means mineral ores, metal and mineral oils.
(3B) Without prejudice to the power to impose conditions conferred by Clause (3) or (3A), Parliament may by law provide for prohibiting or restricting, in, or except in, such cases as may be provided by or under the law, the levying of royalties on or similar charges in respect of minerals (whether under a lease or other instrument or under any State enactment, and whether the instrument was made or the enactment passed before or after the coming into operation of this Clause).
(4) Without prejudice to the provisions of Clauses (1) to (3A), Parliament may by law-
(a) assign to the States the whole or any portion of the proceeds of any tax or fee raised or levied by the Federation; and
(b) assign to the States the responsibility of collecting for State purposes any tax or fee authorised by federal law.
(5) The amounts receivable by the States under Clause (1), (2) or (4) shall not be paid into the Consolidated Fund: and the amounts receivable by the States under Clauses (3) and (3A) shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.
Article 111
111.
(1) The Federation shall not borrow except under the authority of federal law.
(2) A State shall not borrow except under the authority of State law, and State law shall not authorise a State to borrow except from the Federation or, for a period not exceeding five years, from a bank or other financial source approved for that purpose by the Federal Government, and subject to such conditions as may be specified by the Federal Government.
(3) A State shall not give any guarantee except under the authority of State law, and such guarantee shall not be given except with the approval of the Federal Government and subject to such conditions as may be specified by it.
Article 112
112.
(1) Subject to Clause (2), no State shall, without the approval of the Federation, make any addition to its establishment or the establishment of any of its departments, or alter the rates of established salaries and emoluments, if the effect of doing so would be to increase the liability of the Federation in respect of pensions, gratuities or other like allowances.
(2) This Article does not apply to-
(a) non-pensionable appointments the maximum salaries of which do not exceed four hundred ringgit per month or such other amount as may be fixed by order by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong; or
(b) pensionable appointments the maximum salaries of which do not exceed one hundred ringgit per month or such other amount as may be fixed by order by the Yany di- Pertuan Agong.
Chapter 2 - Application to States of Sabah and Sarawak
Article 112a
112A.
(1) The Auditor General shall submit his reports relating to the accounts of each of the States of Sabah and Sarawak, or to the accounts of any public authority exercising powers vested in it by the State law in either of those States, to the Yang di- Pertuan Agong (who shall cause them to be laid before the House of Representatives) and to the Yang di- Pertua Negeri of the State; and accordingly Clause (2) of Article 107 shall not apply to those reports.
(2) The Yang di- Pertua Negeri shall cause any such report submitted to him to be laid before the Legislative Assembly.
(3) The powers and duties of the Auditor General in relation to the accounts mentioned in Clause (1) for any period ending before the year 1969 shall, in the State of Sabah and Sarawak, be exercised and discharged on his behalf by the senior officer of his department for the time being stationed in the State in question:
Provided that during the absence or incapacity of that officer, or a vacancy in his post, those powers and duties shall be exercised and discharged by the Auditor General or such officer of his department as he may designate.
Article 112b
112B. Clause (2) of Article 111 shall not restrict the power of the State of Sabah and Sarawak to borrow under the authority of State law within the State, if the borrowing has the approval of the Central Bank for the time being of the Federation.
Article 112c
112C.
(1) Subject to the provisions of Article 112D and to any limitation expressed in the relevant section of the Tenth Schedule-
(a) the Federation shall make to the States of Sabah and Sarawak in respect of each financial year the grants specified in Part IV of that Schedule; and
(b) each of those States shall receive all proceeds from the taxes, fees and dues specified in Part V of that Schedule, so far as collected, levied or raised within the State, or such part of those proceeds as is so specified.
(2) The amounts required for making the grants specified in the said Part IV, and the amounts receivable by the State of Sabah and Sarawak under section 3 or 4 of the said Part V, shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund; and the amounts otherwise receivable by the State of Sabah and Sarawak under the said Part V shall not be paid into the Consolidated Fund.
(3) In Article 110, Clauses (3A) and (4) shall not apply to the State of Sabah and Sarawak.
(4) Subject to Clause (5) of Article 112D, in relation to the State of Sabah and Sarawak Clause (3B) of Article 110-
(a) shall apply in relation to all minerals, including mineral oils; but
(b) shall not authorise Parliament to prohibit the levying of royalties on any mineral by the State or to restrict the royalties that may be so levied in any case so that the State is not entitled to receive a royalty amounting to ten per cent ad valorem (calculated as for export duty).
Article 112d
112D.
(1) The grants specified in section 1 and subsection (1) of section 2 of Part IV of the Tenth Schedule, and any substituted or additional grant made by virtue of this Clause, shall at the intervals mentioned in Clause (4) be reviewed at the Governments of the Federation and the State or State concerned, and if the agree on the alteration or abolition of any of those grants, or the making of another grant instead of or as well as those grants or any of them, the said Part IV and Clause (2) of Article 112C shall be modified by order of the Yang di- Pertaun Agong as may be necessary to give effect of the agreement:
Provided that on the first review the grant specified in subsection (2) of section 1 of the said Part IV shall not be brought into question except for the purpose of fixing the amounts for the ensuing five years.
(2) Any review under this Article shall take into account the financial position of the Federal Government, as well as the needs of the States or State concerned, but (subject to that) shall endeavour to ensure that the State revenue is adequate to meet the cost of State services as they exist at the time of the review, with such provision for their expansion as appears reasonable.
(3) The period for which provision is to be made on a review shall be a period of five years or (except in the case of the first review) such longer period as may be agreed between the Federation and the States or State concerned: but any order under Clause (1) giving effect to the results of a review shall continue in force after the end of that period, except in so far as it is superseded by a further order under that Clause.
(4) A review under this Article shall not take place earlier than is reasonably necessary to secure that effect can be given to the results of the review from the end of the year 1968 of, in the case of a second or subsequent review, from the end of the period provider for by the preceding review; but, subject to that, reviews shall be held as regards both the States of Sabah and Sarawak for periods beginning with the year 1969 and with the year 1974, and thereafter as regards either of them at such time (during or after the period provided for on the preceding review) as the Government of the Federation or of the State may require.
(5) If on the occasion of any review under this Article the Government of the Federation give notice to the States or State concerned of their intension to vary any of the assignments of revenue under Part V of the Tenth Schedule (including any substituted or additional assignment made by virtue of this Clause), or vary Clause (4) of Article 112C, the review shall take the variation into account, and provision shall be made by order of the Yang di- Pertuan Agong so as to give effect to the variation from the beginning of the period provided for on the review:
Provided that this Clause shall not apply to the assignments under section 4, 7 and 8, and shall not apply to that under section 5 or 6 until the second review.
(6) If on any review the Federal Government and the Government of a State are unable to reach agreement on any matter, it shall be referred to an independent assessor, and his recommendations thereon shall be binding on the Governments concerned and shall be given effects as if they were the agreement of those governments.
(7) Clause (4) of Article 108 shall not apply to require the Federal Government to consult the National Finance Council in respect of matters arising under this Article.
(8) Any order of the Yang di- Pertuan Agong under this Article shall be laid before each House of Parliament.
Article 112e
112E. (Repealed)
./constitution_parse.pl < ../data/data_in

PART VIII - ELECTIONS
Article 113
113.
(1) There shall be an Election Commission, to be constituted in accordance with Article 114, which, subject to the provisions of federal law, shall conduct elections to the House of Representatives and the Legislative Assemblies of the States and prepare and revise electoral rolls for such elections.
(2)
(i) Subject to paragraph (ii), the Election Commission shall, from time to time, as they deem necessary, review the division of the Federation and the States into constituencies and recommend such changes therein as they may think necessary in order to comply with the provisions contained in the Thirteenth Schedule; and the reviews of the constituencies for the purpose of elections to the Legislative Assemblies shall be undertaken at the same time as the reviews of constituencies for the purpose of elections to the House of Representatives.
(ii) There shall be an interval of not less than eight years between of the date of completion of one review, and the date of commencement of the next review, under this Clause.
(iii) A review under paragraph (i) shall be completed within a period of not more than two years from the date of its commencement.
(3) If the Election Commission are of opinion that in consequence of a law made under Article 2 it is necessary to undertake the reviews mentioned in Clause (2), they shall do so, whether or not eight years have elapsed since the last review under this Clause.
(3A)
(i) Where the number of elected members of the House of Representatives is altered in consequence of any amendment to Article 46, or the number of elected members of the Legislative Assembly of a State is altered in consequence of a law enacted by the Legislature of a State, the Election Commission shall undertake a review of the division into federal or State constituencies, as the case may be, of the area which is affected by the alteration, and such review shall be completed within a period of not more than two years from the date of the coming into force of the law making the alteration.
(ii) A review on the paragraph (i) shall not affect the interval provided under paragraph (ii) of Clause (2) in respect of a review under paragraph (i) or that Clause.
(iii) The provisions of the Thirteenth Schedule shall apply to a review under this Clause, but subject to such modifications as may be considered necessary by the Election Commission.
(4) Federal or State law may authorise the Election Commission to conduct election other than those referred to in Clause (1).
(5) So far as may be necessary for the purposes of its functions under this Article the Election Commission may make rules, but any such rules shall have effect subject to the provisions of federal law.
(6) There shall be separate reviews under Clause (2) for the States of Malaya and for each of the States of Sabah and Sarawak, and for the purposes of this Part the expression "unit of review" shall mean, for federal constituencies, the area under review and, for State constituencies, the State and the expression "States of Malaya" shall include the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and the Federal Territory of Labuan.
(7) Subject to Clause (3), the period for the first reviews under Clause (2) for any unit of review shall be calculated from the first delimitation of constituencies for that unit under this Constitution or under the Malaysia Act.
(8) Notwithstanding Clause (7) of this Article the period for reviews under Clause (2) for the unit of review of the States of Malaya undertaken after the passing of the Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1973 shall be calculated from the first delimitation of constituencies for that unit immediately following the passing of that Act.
(9) The date of the commencement of a review under Clause (2) or Clause (3A), as the case may be, shall be the date of the publication in the Gazette of the notice referred to in section 4 of the Thirteenth Schedule.
(10) The date of the completion of a review under Clause (2) or Clause (3A), as the case may be, shall be the date of the submission of the report to the Prime Minister under section 8 of the Thirteenth Schedule, and a notice of such date shall be published by the Election Commission in the Gazette.
Article 114
114.
(1) The Election Commission shall be appointed by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong after consultation with the Conference of Rulers, and shall consist of a chairman, a deputy chairman and three other members.
(2) In appointing members of the Election Commission the Yang di- Pertuan Agong shall have regard to the importance of securing an Election Commission which enjoys public confidence.
(3) A member of the Election Commission shall cease to hold office on attaining the age of sixty- five years or on becoming disqualified under Clause (4) and may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Yang di- Pertuan Agong, but shall not be removed from office except on the like grounds and in the like manner as a judge of the Supreme Court.
(4) Notwithstanding anything in Clause (3), the Yang di- Pertuan Agong shall by order remove from office any member of the Election Commission if such member-
(a) is an undischarged bankrupt; or
(b) engages in any paid office or employment outside the duties of his office; or
(c) is a member of either House of Parliament or of the Legislative Assembly of a State.
(4A) In addition to any disqualification provided under Clause (4), the chairman of the Election Commission shall be disqualified from holding such office if after three months of his appointment to such office or at any time thereafter he is or becomes a member of any board of directors or board of management, or an officer or employee, or engages in the affairs or business, of any organization or body, whether corporate or otherwise or of any commercial, industrial or other undertaking, whether or not he receives any remuneration, reward, profit or benefit from it:
Provided that such disqualification shall not apply where such organization or body carries out any welfare or voluntary work or objective beneficial to the community or any part thereof, or any other work or objective of a charitable or social nature, and the member does not receive any remuneration, reward, profit or benefit from it.
(5) Parliament shall by law provide for the remuneration of members of the Election Commission, and the remuneration so provided shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.
(5A) Subject to the provisions of this Article, Parliament may by law provide for the terms of office of members of the Election Commission other than their remuneration.
(6) The remuneration and other terms of office of a member of the Election Commission shall not be altered to his disadvantage after his appointment.
(7) Where, during any period, the chairman of the Election Commission has been granted leave of absence by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong or is unable, owing to his absence from the Federation, illness or any other cause, to discharge his functions, the deputy chairman shall discharge the functions of the chairman during that period, and if the deputy chairman is also absent or unable to discharge such functions, a member of the Election Commission may be appointed by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong to discharge the functions of the chairman during that period.
Article 115
115.
(1) The Election Commission may employ such number of persons, on such terms and subject to such conditions, as the Commission may with the approval of the Yang di- Pertuan Agong determine.
(2) All public authorities shall on the request of the Commission give the Commission such assistance in the discharge of its duties as may be practicable; and in exercising its functions of making recommendations for the delimitation of constituencies for the elections mentioned in article 113 (1) the Commission shall seek the advice of two officers of the Federal Government with special knowledge of the topography of, and the distribution of the population in, the unit of review for federal elections, and those offices shall be selected for that purpose by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong.
Article 116
116.
(1) For the election of members to the House of Representatives a unit of review shall be divided into constituencies in accordance with the provisions contained in the Thirteenth Schedule.
(2) The total number of constituencies shall be equal to the number of members, so that one member shall be elected for each constituency, and of that total in the States of Malaya a number determined in accordance with the provisions contained in Article 46 and the Thirteenth Schedule shall be allocated to each State.
(3) (Repealed).
(4) (Repealed).
(5) (Repealed).
Article 117
117. For the election of members to the Legislative Assembly of a State the State shall be divided into as many constituencies as there are elected members, so that one member shall be elected for each constituency; and the division shall be made in accordance with the provisions contained in the Thirteenth Schedule.
Article 118
118. No election to the House of Representatives or to the Legislative Assembly of a State shall be called into question except by an election petition presented to the High Court having jurisdiction where the election was held.
Article 118a
118A. A petition complaining of no return to the House of Representatives shall be deemed to be an election petition and the High Court may make such order thereon as it may think fit for compelling a return to be made, but the failure to make a return within any period specified by Article 54 or 55 shall not be a ground for declaring that a member has not been duly elected.
Article 119
119.
(1) Every citizen who-
(a) has attained the age of twenty- one years on the qualifying date; and
(b) is resident in a constituency on such qualifying date or, if not so resident, is an absent voter,
is entitled to vote in that constituency in any election to the House of Representatives or the Legislative Assembly unless he is disqualified under Clause (3) or under any law relating to offences committed in connection with elections; but no person shall in the same election vote in more than one constituency.
(2) If a person is in a constituency by reason only of being a patient in an establishment maintained wholly or mainly for the reception and treatment of persons suffering from mental illness or mental defectiveness or of being detained in custody he shall for the purpose of Clause (1) be deemed not to be resident in that constituency.
(3) A person is disqualified for being a elector in any election to the House of Representatives or the Legislative Assembly if-
(a) on the qualifying date he is detained as a person of unsound mind or is serving a sentence of imprisonment; or
(b) having before the qualifying date been convicted in any part of the Commonwealth of an offence and sentenced to death or imprisonment for a term exceeding twelve months, he remains liable on the qualifying date to suffer any punishment for that offence.
(4) In this Article "qualifying date" means the date by reference to which the electoral rolls are prepared or revised, and "absent voter" means in relation to any constituency any citizen who is registered as an absent voter in respect of that constituency under the provisions of any law relating to elections.
Article 120
120. Where in accordance with Article 45 (4) provision is made by Parliament for the election of Senators by the direct vote of electors-
(a) the whole of a State shall form a single constituency and each elector shall have as many votes at any election to the Senate as there are seats to be filled in that election; and
(b) the electoral rolls for elections to the House of Representatives shall also be the electoral rolls for election to the Senate; and
(c) Articles 118, 118A and 119 shall apply in relation to elections to the Senate as they apply in relation to elections to the House of Representatives.

PART IX - THE JUDICIARY
Article 121
121 (1) There shall be two High Courts of co-ordinate jurisdiction and status, namely -
(a) one in the States of Malaya, which shall be known as the High Court in Malaya and shall have its principal registry at such place in the States of Malaya as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may determine; and
(b) one in the States of Sabah and Sarawak, which shall be known as the High Court in Sabah and Sarawak and shall have its principal registry at such place in the States of Sabah and Sarawak as the Yang di- Pertuan Agong may determine;
(c)(Repealed),
and such inferior courts as may be provided by federal law and the High Courts and inferior courts shall have such jurisdiction and powers as may be conferred by or under federal law.
(1A) The courts referred to in Clause (1) shall have no jurisdiction in respect of any matter within the jurisdiction of the Syariah courts.
(1B) There shall be a court which shall be known as the Mahkamah Rayuan (Court of Appeal) and shall have its principal registry at such place as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may determine, and the Court of Appeal shall have the following jurisdiction, that is to say:
(a) jurisdiction to determine appeals from decisions of a High Court or a judge thereof (except decisions of a High Court given by a registrar or other officer of the Court and appealable under federal law to a judge of the Court); and
(b) such other jurisdiction as may be conferred by or under federal law.
(2) There shall be a court which shall be known as the Mahkamah Persekutuan (Federal Court) and shall have its principal registry at such place as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may determine, and the Federal Court shall have the following jurisdiction, that is to say:
(a) jurisdiction to determine appeals from decisions of the Court of Appeal, of the High Court or a judge thereof;
(b) such original or consultative jurisdiction as is specified in Articles 128 and 130; and
(c) such other jurisdiction as may be conferred by or under federal law.
(3) Subject to any limitations imposed by or under federal law, any order, decree, judgment or process of the courts referred to in Clause (1) or of any judge thereof shall (so far as its nature permits) have full force and effect according to its tenor throughout the Federation, and may be executed or enforced in any part of the Federation accordingly; and federal law may provide for courts in one part of the Federation or their officers to act in aid of courts in another part.
(4) In determining where the principal registry of the High Court in Sabah and Sarawak is to be, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall act on the advice of the Prime Minister, who shall consult the Chief Ministers of the States of Sabah and Sarawak and the Chief Judge of the High Court.

Repealed Former 121.
Subject to Clause (2) the judicial power of the Federation shall be vested into High Courts of co- ordinate jurisdiction and status, namely-
(a) one of the States of Malaya, which shall be known as the High Court in Malaya and shall have its principle registry in Kuala Lumpur; and
(b) one in the States of Sabah and Sarawak, which shall be known as the High Court in Borneo and shall have its principle registry at such place in the States of Sabah and Sarawak as the Yang di- Pertuan Agong may determine;
(c) (Repealed);and in such inferior courts as may be provided by federal law.
The following jurisdiction shall be vested in a court which shall be known as the Mahkamah Agung (Supreme Court) and shall have its principle registry in Kuala Lumpur, that is to say-
(a) exclusive jurisdiction to determine appeals from decisions of a High Court or a judge thereof (except decision of a High Court given by a registrar or other officer of the court and appealable under federal law to a judge of the Court);
(b) such original or consultative jurisdiction as is specified in Articles 128 and 130; and
(c) such other jurisdiction as may be conferred by or under federal law.
Subject to any limitations imposed by or under federal law, any order, decree, judgement or process of the courts referred to in Clause (1) or of any judge thereof shall (so far as its nature permits) have full force and effect according to its tenor throughout the Federation, and may be executed or enforced in any part of the Federation accordingly; and federal law may provide for courts in one part of the Federation or their officers to act in aid of courts in another part.
In determining where the principal registry of the High Court in Borneo is to be, the Yang di- Pertuan Agong shall act on the advice of the Prime Minister, who shall consult the Chief Ministers of the States of Sabah and Sarawak and the Chief Justice of the High Court.
Article 122
122.
(1) The Supreme Court shall consist of a president of the Court (to be styled "the Lord President of the Supreme Court"), of the Chief Justices of the High Courts and, until the Yang di- Pertuan Agong by order otherwise provides, of four other judges and such additional judges as may be appointed pursuant to Clause (1A).
(1A) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution contained, the Yang di- Pertuan Agong, acting on the advice of the Lord President of the Supreme Court, may appoint, for such purposes or for such period as he may specify, any person who has held high judicial office in Malaysia to be an additional judge of the Supreme Court:
Provided that no such additional judge shall be ineligible to hold office by reason of having attained the age of sixty- five years.
(2) A judge of High Court other than the Chief Justice may sit as a judge of the Supreme Court where the Lord President considers that the interests of justice so require, and the judge shall be nominated for the purpose (as occasion requires) by the Lord President.
Article 122a
122A.
(1) Each of the High Courts shall consist of a Chief Judge and not less than four other judges; but the number of other judges shall not, until the Yang di- Pertuan Agong by order otherwise provides, exceed-
(a) in the High Court in Malaya, twelve; and
(b) in the High Court in Borneo, eight.
(c) (Repealed).
(2) Any person qualified for appointment as a judge of High Court may sit as a judge of that court, if designated for the purpose (as occasion requires) in accordance with Article 122B.
(3) For the dispatch of business of the High Court in Borneo in an area in which a judge of the court is not the time being available to attend to business of the court, the Yang di- Pertuan Agong acting on the advice of the Lord President of the Supreme Court, or for an area in either State the Yang di- Pertua Negeri of the State acting on the advice of the Chief Justice of the court, may by order appoint to be judicial commissioner in that area for such period or for such purposes as may be specified in the order an advocate or person professionally qualified to be admitted an advocate of the court.
(4) Subject to any limitations or conditions imposed by the order appointing him, a judicial commissioner shall have power, in the area for which he is appointed, to perform such functions of a judge of the High Court in Borneo as appear to him to require to be performed without delay; and anything done by a judicial commissioner when acting in accordance with his appointment shall have the same validity and effect as if done by a judge of that court, and in respect thereof he shall have the same powers and enjoy the same immunities as if he had been a judge of that court.
(5) For the dispatch of business of the High Court in Malaya; the Yang di- Pertuan Agong acting on the advice of the Lord President of the Supreme Court, may by order appoint to be judicial commissioner for such period or such purposes as may be specified in the order any person qualified for appointment as a judge of High Court; and the person so appointed shall have power to perform such functions of a judge of the High Court in Malaya as appear to him to require to be performed; and anything done by him when acting in accordance with his appointment shall have the same validity and effect as if done by a judge of that court, and in respect thereof he shall have the same powers and enjoy the same immunities as if he had been a judge of that court.
Article 122b
122B.
(1) The Lord President of the Supreme Court, and chief justices of the High Courts and (subject to Article 122C) the other judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Court shall be appointed by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, after consulting the Conference of Rulers.
(2) Before tendering his advice as to the appointment under Clause (1) of a judge other than the Lord President of the Supreme Court, the Prime Minister shall consult the Lord President.
(3) Before tendering his advice as to the appointment under Clause (1) of the Chief Justice of a High Court, the Prime Minister shall consult the Chief Justice of each of the High Courts and, if the appointment is to the High Court in Borneo, the Chief Minister of each of the States of Sabah and Sarawak.
(4) Before tendering his advice as to the appointment under Clause (1) of a judge other than the Lord President or a Chief Justice, the Prime Minister shall consult, if the appointment is to the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice of each of the High Courts and, if the appointment is to one of the High Courts, the Chief Justice of that court.
(5) This Article shall apply to the designation of a person to sit as judge of a High Court under Article 122A (2) as it applies to the appointment of a judge of the court other than the Chief Justice.
(6) Notwithstanding the dates of their respective appointments as judges of the Supreme Courts or of the High Courts, the Yang di- Pertuan Agong, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister given after consulting the Lord President, may determine the order of precedence of the judges among themselves.
Article 122c
122C. Article 122B shall not apply to the transfer to a High Court, otherwise than as Chief Justice of a judge of another High Court other than the Chief Justice; and such a transfer may be made by the Yang di- Pertaun Agong, on the recommendation of the Lord President of the Supreme Court, after consulting the Chief Justices of the two High Courts.
Article 123
123. A person is qualified for appointment under Article 122B as a judge of the Supreme Court or as a judge of any of the High Courts if-
(a) he is a citizen, and
(b) for the ten years preceding his appointment he has been an advocate of those courts or any of them or a member of the judicial and legal service of the Federation or of the legal service of a State, or sometimes one and sometimes another.
Article 124
124.
(1) The Lord President of the Supreme Court shall before exercising the functions of his office take and subscribe the oath of office and allegiance set out in the Sixth Schedule, and shall do so in the presence of the Yang di- Pertuan Agong.
(2) A judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court, other than the Lord President of the Supreme Court, shall before exercising the functions of a judge take and subscribe that oath in relation to his judicial duties in whatever office, and, having done so, shall not be required to take that oath again on appointment or transfer to another judicial office, not being that of Lord President.
(3) A person taking the oath on becoming Chief Justice of a High Court shall do so in the presence of the senior judge available of that High Court, unless he takes it in accordance with Clause (4) as a judge of the Supreme Court.
(4) Subject to Clause (3), a person taking the oath on becoming a judge of the Supreme Court shall do so in the presence of the Lord President or, in his absence, the next senior judge available of the Supreme Court.
(5) A person taking the oath on becoming a judge of a High Court (but not Chief Justice) shall do so in the presence of the Chief Justice of that Court or, in his absence, the next senior judge available of that Court.
Article 125
125.
(1) Subject to the provisions of Clauses (2) to (5), a judge of the Supreme Court shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty- five years or such later time, not being later than six months after he attains that age, as the Yang di- Pertaun Agong may approve.
(2) A judge of the Supreme Court may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Yang di- Pertaun Agong but shall not be removed from office except in accordance with the following provisions of this Article.
(3) If the Prime Minister, or the Lord President after consulting the Prime Minister, represents to the Yang di- Pertuan Agong that a judge of the Supreme Court oath to be removed on the ground of misbehaviour or of inability, from infirmity of body or mind or of any cause, properly to discharge the functions of his office, the Yang di- Pertaun Agong shall appoint a tribunal in accordance with Clause (4) and refer the representation to it; and may on the recommendation of the tribunal remove the judge from office.
(4) The said tribunal shall consist of not less than five persons who hold or have held office as judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court or, if it appears to the Yang di- Pertaun Agong expedient to make such appointment, persons who hold or have held equivalent office in any other part of the Common Wealth and shall be presided over by the member first in the following order, namely, the Lord President of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justices according to their precedence among themselves, and other members according to the order of their appointment to an office qualifying them for membership (the older coming before the younger of two members with appointments of the same date.
(5) Pending any reference and report under Clause (3) the Yang di- Pertaun Agong may on the recommendation of the Prime Minister and, in case of any other judge after consulting the Lord President, suspend a judge of the Supreme Court from the exercise of his functions.
(6) Parliament shall by law provide for the enumeration so provided shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.
(6A) Subject to the provisions of this Article, Parliament may by law provide for the terms of office of the judges of the Supreme Court other than their enumeration.
(7) The enumeration and other terms of office (including pension rights) of a judge of the Supreme Court shall not be altered to his disadvantage after this appointment.
(8) Notwithstanding Clause (1) the validity of anything done by a judge of the Supreme Court shall not be questioned on the ground that he has attained the age at which he was required to retire.
(9) This Article shall apply to a judge of a High Court as it applies to a judge of a Supreme Court, except that the Yang di- Pertaun Agong before suspending under Clause (5) a judge of a High Court other than the Chief Justice shall consult the Chief Justice of that Court instead of the Lord President of the Supreme Court.
(10) (Repealed).
Article 125a
125A.
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Constitution, it is hereby declared that-
(a) The Lord President of the Federal Court and a judge of the Supreme Court may exercise all or any of the powers of the judge of a High Court; and
(b) A judge of the High Court in Malaya may exercise all or any of the powers of a judge of the High Court in Borneo, and visa versa.
(2) The provisions of this Article shall be deemed to have been an integral part of this Constitution as from Malaysia Day.
Article 126
126. The Supreme Court or a High Court shall have power to punish any contempt of itself.
Article 127
The conduct of a judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court shall not be discussed in either House of Parliament except on a substantive motion of which notice has been given by no less than one quarter of differences in the system of land tenure) in the same manner as they apply to other States.
Article 128
128.
(1) The Supreme Court shall, to the exclusion of any other court, have jurisdiction to determine in accordance with any rules of court regulating the exercise of such jurisdiction -
(a) any question whether a law made by Parliament or by the Legislature of a State is invalid on the ground that it makes provision with respect to a matter with respect to a matter with respect to which Parliament or, as the case may be, the Legislature of the State has no power to make laws; and
(b) disputes on any other question between States or between the Federation and any State.
(2) Without prejudice to any appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, where in any proceedings before another court a question arises as to the effect of any provision of this Constitution, the Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction (subject to any rules of court regulating the exercise of that jurisdiction) to determine the question and remit the case to the other court to be disposed of in accordance with the determination.
(3) The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to determine appeals from a High Court or a judge thereof shall be such as may be provided by federal law.
Article 129
129. (Repealed)
Article 130
130. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may refer to the Supreme Court for its opinion any question as to the effect of any provision of the Constitution which has arisen or appears to him likely to arise, and the Supreme Court shall pronounce in open court its opinion on any question so referred to it.
Article 131
131. (Repealed).
Article 131a
131A.
(1) Any provision made by federal law for the functions of the Lord President of the Supreme Court to be performed, in the event of a vacancy in the office or of his inability to act, by another judge of the Supreme Court may extend to his functions under this Constitution.
(2) Any provision made by federal law for the functions of the Chief Justice of a High Court to be performed, in the event of a vacancy in the office or of his inability to act, by another judge of that court may extend to his functions under this Constitution other than functions as judge of the Supreme Court.
PART X - PUBLIC SERVICES
Article 132
132.
(1) For the purposes of this Constitution, the public services are -
(a) the armed forces;
(b) the judicial and legal service;
(c) the general public service of the Federation;
(d) the police force;
(e) the railway service;
(f) the joint public services mentioned in Article 133;
(g) the public service of each State; and
(h) the education service.
(2) Except as otehrwise expressly provided by this Constitution, the qualifications for appointment and conditions of service of persons in the public services other than those mentioned in paragraph (g) of Clause (1) may bge regulated by federal law and, subject to the provisions of any such law, by Yang di-Pertuan Agong; and the qualifications for appointment and conditions of service of persons in the public service of any State may be regulated by State law and, subject to the provisions of any such law, by the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of that State.
(2A) Except as expressly provided by this Constitution, every person who is a member of any of the services mentioned in paragraphs (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) and (h) of Clause (1) holds office during the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, and, except as expressly provided by the Constitution of the State, every person who is a member of the public service of a State holds office during the pleasure of the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri.
(3) The public service shall not be taken to comprise -
(a) the office of any member of the administration in the Federation or a State; or
(b) the office of President, Speaker, Deputy President, Deputy Speaker or member of either House of Parliament or of the Legislative Assembly of a State; or
(c) the office of judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court; or
(d) the office of member of any Commission or Council established by this Constitution or any corresponding Commission or Council established by the Constitution of a State; or
(e) such diplomatic posts as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may by order prescribe, being post which but for the order would be posts in the general public service of the Federation.
(4) References in this Part, except in Articles 136 and 147 to persons in the public service or to members of any of the public services shall not apply to:
(a) the Clerk to either House of Parliament or any member of the Staff of Parliament; or
(b) the Attorney General or, if provisions for the manner of his appointment and removal from office is specifically included in the Constitution of the State, or if he is appointed otherwise than from among the members of the judicial and legal service or of the public service of the State, the legal adviser of any State; or
(c) a member of the personal staff of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or of a Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri; or
(d) in the case of Malacca and Penang, if provision os made by State law for their appointment -
(i) the President of the Religious Affairs Department;
(ii) the Secretary of the Religious Affairs Department;
(iii) the Mufti;
(iv) the Kadi Besar; or
(v) a Kadi.
Article 133
133.
(1) Joint services, common to the Federation and one more of the States or, at the request of the States concerned, to two or more States, may be established by federal law.
(2) Where a member of any of the public services is employed:
(a) partly for federal purposes and partly for State purposes; or
(b) for the purposes of two or more States;
the proportion, if any, of his renumeration payable by the Federation and the State or States concerned or, as the case may be, by each of the States concerned, shall, subject to federal law, be determined by agreement or, in default of agreement, by the Commission whose jurisdiction extends to him.
Article 134
134.
(1) The Federation may, at the request of a State, second any member of any of the services mentioned in paragraph (a), (b), (c), (d) or (f) of Clause (1) of Article 132 to the service of that State; and a State may at the request of the Federation or of another State second any member of its own public service to the service of the Federation or, as the case may be, of that other State.
(2) A person seconded under this Article shall remain a member of the service to which he belongs, but his renumeration shall be paid by the State to whose service he is seconded or, if he is seconded to the service of the Federation, by the Federation.
Article 135
135.
(1) No member of any of the services mentioned in paragraphs (b) to (h) of Clause (1) of Article 132 shall be dismissed or reduced in rank by an authority subordinate to that which, at the time of the dismissal or reduction, has power to appoint a member of that service of equal rank;
Provided that in its application to members of the services mentioned in paragraphs (g) of Clause (1) of Article 132 this Clause shall not apply to any law which the legislature of any State, other than Penang and Malacca, may make to provide that all powers and functions of a Public Service Commission of such State, other than the power of first appointment to the permanent or pensionable establishment, be exercised by a Board appointed by the Ruler of such State: And provided further that this Clause shall not apply to a case where a member of any of the services mentioned in this Clause is dismissed or reduced in rank by an authority in pursuance of a power delegated to it by a Commission to which this Part applies, and this proviso shall be deemed to have been an integral part of this Clause as from Merdeka Day.
(2) No member of such a service as aforesaid shall be dismissed or reduced in rank without being given a reasonable opportunity of being heard:
Provided that this Clause shall not apply to the following cases -
(a) where a member of such a service is dismissed or reduced in rank on the ground of conduct in respect of which a criminal charge has been proved against him; or
(b) where the authority empowered to dismiss or reduce in rank a member of such a service is satisfied that for some reason, to be recorded by that authority in writing, it is not reasonably practicable to carry out the requirements of this Clause: or
(c) where the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, or, in the case of a member of the public service of a State, the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of that State, is satisfied that in the interests of the security of the Federation or any part thereof it is not expedient to carry out the requirements of this Clause; or
(d) where there has been made against a member of such a service any order of detention, supervision, restricted residence, banishment or deportation, or where there has been imposed on such a member any form of restriction or supervision by bond or otherwise, under any law relating to the security of the Federation or any part thereof, prevention of crime, preventive detention, restricted residence, banishment, immigration, or protection of women and girls:
Provided further that for the purpose of this Article, where the service of a member of such a service is terminated in the public interest under any law for the time being in force or under any regulation made by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong under Article 132 (2), such termination of service shall not constitute dismissal whether or not the decision to terminate the service is connected with the misconduct of or unsatisfactory performance of duty by such member in relation to his office or the consequences of the termination involved an element of punishment; and this proviso shall be deemed to have been an integral part of this Article as form Merdeka Day.
(3) No member of any of the services mentioned in paragraph (c), (f) or (g) of Clause (1) of Article 132 shall, without the concurrence of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, be dismissed or reduced in rank or suffer any other disciplinary measure for anything done or omitted by him in the exercise of a judicial function conferred on him by law.
Article 136
136. All persons of whatever race in the same grade in the service of the Federation shall, subject to the terms and conditions of their employment, be treated impartially.
Article 137
137.
(1) There shall be an Armed Forces Council, which shall be responsible under the general authority of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for the command, disciplne and administration of, and all other matters relating to, the armed forces, other than matters relating to their operatonial use.
(2) Clause (1) has effect subject to the provisions od any federal law, and any such law may provide for the vesting in the Armed Forces Council of any functions with respect to the armed forces.
(3) The Armed Forces Council shall consist of the following members, that is to say -
(a) the Minister for the time being charged with responsibility for defence, who shall be Chairman;
(b) one member representing Their Royal Highnesses, who shall be appointed by the Conference of Rulers;
(c) the Chief of the Armed Forces Staff who shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong;
(d) a civilian member, being the person performing the duties of the office of Secretary general for Defence, who shall act as Secretary to the Council;
(e) two senior staff officers of the Federation Armed Forces, appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong;
(f) a senior officer of the Federation Navy, appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong;
(g) a senior officer for the Federation Air Force, appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong;
(h) two, if any, additional members, whether military or civilian, appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
(4) The Armed Forces Council may act notwithstanding a vacancy in its membership and may, subject to this Constitution and to federal law, provide for all or any of the following matters:
(a) the organization of its work and the manner in which its functions are to be performed, and the keeping of records and minutes;
(b) the duties and responsibilities of the several members of the Council, including the delegation to any member of the Council of any of its powers or duties;
(c) the consultation by the Council with persons other than its members;
(d) the procedure to be followed by the Council in conducting its business (including the fixing of a quorum), the appointment, at its option, of a vice-chairman from among its members, and the functions of the vice-chairman;
(e) any other matters for which the Council considers it necessary or expedient to provide for the better performance of its functions.
Article 138
138.
(1) There shall be a Judicial and Legal Service Commission, whose jurisdiction shall extend to all members of the judicial, and legal service.
(2) The Judicial and Legal Service Commission shall consist of -
(a) the Chairman of the Public Services Commission, who shall be Chairman;
(b) the Attorney General or, if the Attorney General is a member of Parliament or is appointed otherwise than from among members of the Judicial and Legal Service, the Solicitor General; and
(c) one or more other members who shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, after consultation with the Lord President of the Supreme Court, from among persons who are or have been or are qualified to be a judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court or shall before Malaysia Day have been a of the Supreme Court or a High Court or shall before Malaysia Day have been a judge of the Supreme Court.
(3) The person who is secretary to the Public Services Commission shall be secretary also to the Judicial and Legal Service Commi
Article 139
139.
(1) There shall be a Public Services Commission, whose jurisdiction shall, subject to Article 144, extend to all persons who are members of the services mentioned in paragraphs (c), (e) and (f) of Clause (1) of Article 132, other than the Auditor General, to members of the public services of the State of Malacca and the State of Penang, and, to the extent provided by Clause (2), to members of the public service of any other State.
(1A) The jurisdiction of the Public Services Commission shall extend to -
(a) members of the general public service of the Federation who are employed in a federal department in the State of Sabah or Sarawak;
(b) members of the public service of the State of Sabah or Sarawak who are seconded to the general public service of the Federation; and
(c) members of the public service of the State of Sabah or Sarawak serving in federal posts or in any posts which have become federal posts in that State and who have exercised the option to be members of the general public service of the Federation.
(2) The legislature of any State other than Malacca and Penang may by law extend the jurisdiction of the Public Services Commission to all or any persons in the public service of that State, but no such law shall take effect earlier than twelve months from the date of its passing; and if at any time there is not, in any such State in which no such law is in force, established and exercising its functions a State Public Service such authority as may be provided in that law, and in that event, if the authority is other than the Commission, the disciplinary control exercisable by such authority shall not be exercised by the Commission; and no provision of such law shall be invalid on the ground of inconsistency with any provision of this Part.
(2) Federal law may provide for the exercise of other functions by the Police Force Commission.
(3) The Police Force Commission shall consist of the following members, that is to say:
(a) the Minister for the time being charged with responsibility for the police, who shall be Chairman;
(b) the officer of police in general command of the police force;
(c) the person performing the duties of the office of Secretary General to the Ministry under the Minister for the time being charged with responsibility for the police;
(d) a member of the Public Services Commission appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong;
(e) not less than two nor more than six other members, appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
(4) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may designate as special posts the posts of Inspector-General of Police, Deputy Inspector-General of Police and any other posts in the police force which in his opinion are of similar or superior status; and the appointment to any post so designated shall not be made in accordance with Clause (1) but shall be made by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the recommendation of the Police Force Commission.
(5) Before acting in accordance with Clause (4) on the recommendation of the Police Force Commission, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall consider the advice of Commission, the jurisdiction of the Public Services Commission shall, if federal law so provides, extend to all members of the public service of that State.
(3) Any extension of the jurisdiction of the Public Service Commission made by the legislature of any State pursuant to Clause (2) may be revoked or modified by a law passed by the legislature of such State.
(4) The Public Services Commission shall consist of the following members appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in his discretion but after considering the advice of the Prime Minister and after consultation with the Conference of Rulers, that is to say, a chairman, a deputy chairman and not less than four nor more than thirty other members.
(5) Either the chairman or the deputy chairman shall be, and both may be, appointed from among persons who are, or have at any time within the period of five years immediately preceding the date of their first appointment been, members of any of the public services.
(6) A member of any of the public services appointed to be chairman or deputy chairman shall not be eligible for any further appointment in the service of the Federation other than as a member of a Commission to which this Part applies.
Article 140
140.
(1) There shall be a Police Force Commission whose jurisdiction shall extend to all persons who are members of the police force and which, subject to the provisions of any existing law, shall be responsible for the appointment, confirmation, emplacement on the permanent or pensionable establishment, promotion, transfer and exercise of disciplinary control over members of the police force:
Provided that Parliament may by law provide for the exercise of such disciplinary control over all or any of the members of the police force in such manner and by the Prime Minister, and may once refer the recommendation back to the Commission in order that it may be reconsidered.
(6) The Police Force Commission may provide for all or any of the following matters:
(a) the organisation of its work and the manner in which its functions are to be performed, and the keeping of records and minutes;
(b) the duties and responsibilities of the several members of the Commission, including the delegation to any member of the Commission or the police force or board of officers of such force or a committee consisting of members of the Commission and of the force of its powers or duties;
(c) the consultation by the Commission with persons other than its members;
(d) the procedure to be followed by the Commission in conducting its business (including the fixing of a quorum), the appointment, at its option, of a vice-chairman from among its members, and the functions of the vice-chairman;
(e) any other matters for which the Commission considers it necessary or expedient to provide for the better performance of its functions.
(7) In this Article "transfer" does not include transfer without change of rank within the police force.
Article 141
141. (Repealed).
Article 141a
141A.
(1) There shall be an Education Service Commission, whose jurisdiction shall, subject to Article 144, extend to all persons who are members of the service mentioned in paragraph (h) of Clause (1) of Article 132).
(2) The Education Service Commission shall consist of the following members appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in his discretion but after considering the advice of the Prime Minister and after consultation with the Conference of Rulers, that is to say, a Chairman, a Deputy Chairman and not less than four but not more than eight other members.
(3) A member of any of the public services appointed to be Chairman or Deputy Chairman shall not be eligible for any further appointment in the service of the Federation other than as a member of a Commission to which this Part applies.
Article 142
142.
(1) Subject to paragraph (a) of Clause (3) of Article 140, a member of either House of Parliament or of the Legislative Assembly of a State shall not be appointed to be a member of a Commission to which this Part applies.
(2) Subject to Clause (3), a person shall not be appointed to be a member of any of the Commissions to which this Part applies if he is, and shall be removed by order of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong if he becomes -
(a) a member of any of the public services;
(b) an officer or employee of any local authority, or of any body, whether corporate or otherwise, or of any body or authority established by law for public purposes;
(c) a member of a trade union or of a body or association affiliated to a trade union.
(2A) In addition to any disqualification provided under Clause (2), the chairman of any of the Commissions to which this Part applies shall be disqualified from holding such office if after three months of his appointment to such office or at any time thereafter he is or becomes a member of any board of directors or board of management, or an officer or employee, or engages in the affairs or business, of any organisation or body, whether corporate or otherwise, or of any commercial, industrial or other undertaking, whether or not be receives any remuneration, reward, profit or benefit from it:
Provided that such disqualification shall not apply where such organisation or body carries out any welfare or voluntary work or objective beneficial to the community or any part thereof, or any other work or objective of a charitable or social nature, and the member does not receive any remuneration, reward, profit or benefit from it.
(3) Clause (2) does not apply to ex officio members; and a member of any of the public services may be appointed to be and remain chairman or deputy chairman and, if he is on leave prior to retirement, he may be appointed to be another member, of any of the said Commissions.
(3A) Where, during any period, the chairman of any of the said Commissions has been granted leave of absence by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or is unable owing to his absence from the Federation, illness or any other cause, to discharge his functions, the deputy chairman of that Commission shall discharge the functions of the chairman during that period, and if the deputy chairman is also absent or unable to discharge such functions, a member of the Commission may be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to discharge the functions of the chairman during that period.
(4) Where, during any period, a member of any of the said Commissions has been granted leave of absence by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or is unable, owing to his absence from the Federation, illness or any other cause, to discharge his functions as a member, then -
(a) if he is an appointed member, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may appoint to exercise his functions during that period any person who would be qualified to be appointed in his place, and the appointment of such a person shall be made in the same manner as that of the member whose functions he is to exercise;
(b) if he is an ex officio member, any person authorised under federal law to perform the functions of his office may during that period perform also his functions as a member of the Commission.
(5) A Commission to which this Part applies may act notwithstanding a vacancy in its membership, and no proceedings of such a Commission shall be invalidated by reason only that some person not entitled thereto has taken part in them.
(6) Before exercising his functions as a member of any of the said Commissions or under Clause (4) any person other than an ex officio member shall take and subscribe before a judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court the oath of office and allegiance set out in the Sixth Schedule.
Article 143
143.
(1) Save as provided under Clause (2) of Article 142, a member of a Commission to which this Part applies, other than an ex officio member -
(a) shall be appointed for a term of five years or, if the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, acting in his discretion but after considering the advice of the Prime Minister, in a particular case so determines, for such shorter term as he may so determine;
(b) may, unless disqualified, be re-appointed from time to time; and
(c) may at any time resign his office but shall not be removed from office except on the like grounds and in the like manner as a judge of the Supreme Court.
(2) Parliament shall be law provide for the remuneration of any member of the said Commission other than a member for whose remuneration as holder of any other office provision is made by federal law; and the remuneration so provided shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.
(3) The remuneration and other terms of office of a member of a Commission to which this Part applies shall not be altered to his disadvantage after his appointment.
Article 144
144.
(1) Subject to the provisions of any existing law and to the provisions of this Constitution, it shall be the duty of a Commission to which this Part applies to appoint, confirm, emplace on the permanent or pensionable establishment, promote, transfer and exercise disciplinary control over members of the service or services to which its jurisdiction extends.
(2) Federal law may provide for the exercise of other functions by any such Commission.
(3) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may designate as special posts any post held by the head or deputy head of a department or by an officer who in his opinion is of similar status and the appointment to any post so designated shall not be made in accordance with Clause (1) but shall be made by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the recommendation of the Commission whose jurisdiction extends to the service in which the post is held.
(4) The Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of a State may designate as special posts any posts in the public service of his State held by the head or deputy head of a department or by an officer who in his opinion is of similar status: and the appointment to any post so designated shall not be made in accordance with Clause (1) but shall be made by the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri on the recommendation of the Public Services Commission (or, if there is in the State a State Public Service Commission, on the recommendation of that Commission).
(5) Before acting, in accordance with Clause (3) or (4), on the recommendation of the Commission therein mentioned -
(a) the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall consider the advice of the Prime Minister; and
(b) the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri shall consider the advice of the Chief Minister of his State,
and may once refer the recommendation back to the Commission in order that it may be reconsidered.
(5A) Save as provided in Clause (5B), federal law and, subject to the provisions of any such law, regulations made by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may, notwithstanding the provisions of Clause (1) of Article 135, provide for the exercise by any officer in a service to which the jurisdiction of a Commission to which this Part applies extends, or by any board of such officers, of any of the functions of the Commission under Clause (1):
Provided that -
(a) no such law or regulation may provide for the exercise by any such officer or board of officers of any power of first appointment to the permanent or pensionable establishment, or of any power of promotion (other than promotion to an acting appointment); and
(b) any person aggrieved by the exercise by any such officer or board of officers of any power of disciplinary control may appeal to the Commission within such time and in such manner as may be prescribed by any such law or regulations, and the Commission may make such order thereon as it may consider just.
(5B)
(i) Notwithstanding the provisions of Clause (1) of Article 135 and Article 139 and Article 141A, all the powers and functions of the Public Services Commission or the Education Service Commission established under Article 139 and Article 141A, other than the power of first appointment to the permanent or pensionable establishment, may be exercised by a board appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
(ii) Any person aggrieved by the exercise by the board of any of the aforesaid powers or functions may appeal to an Appeal Board appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
(iii) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may by regulations provide for matters relating to the appointments of the members of, and the procedure to be followed by, the board or the Appeal Board under this Clause.
(iv) Where the Yang di-Pertuan Agong has appointed the board under paragraph (i) of this Clause for the purpose of exercising any of the powers or functions referred to under that paragraph, such power or function shall so long as it remains a power or function to be exercised by the board, cease to be exercisable by the said Commission.
(6) A Commission to which this Part applies may delegate to any officer in a service to which its jurisdiction extends, or to any board of such officers appointed by it, any of its functions under Clause (1) in respect of any grade of service, and that officer or board shall exercise those functions under the direction and the control of the Commission.
(6A) In respect of members of the general public service of the Federation who are employed in posts ancillary to the armed forces or any of them or to the police force, or in respect of any grade of members of that service who are so employed, functions of the Public Services Commission may, under Clause (5A) or (6), be made exercisable by an officer or board of officers of the armed forces or police force, as the case may be, as if he or they were members of the general public service of the Federation.
(7) In this Article "transfer" does not include transfer without change of rank within a department of Government.
(8) A Commission to which this Part applies may, subject to the provisions of this Constitution and of federal law, make rules regulating its procedure and specifying the number of its members which are to constitute a quorum.
Article 145
145.
(1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall, on the advice of the Prime Minister, appoint a person who is qualified to be a judge of the Supreme Court to be the Attorney General for the Federation.
(2) It shall be the duty of the Attorney General to advise the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the Cabinet or any Minister upon such legal matters, and to perform such other duties of a legal character, as may from time to time be referred or assigned to him by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the Cabinet, and to discharge the functions conferred on him by or under this Constitution or any other written law.
(3) The Attorney General shall have power, exercisable at his discretion, to institute, conduct or discontinue any proceedings for an offence, other than proceedings before a Syariah court, a native court or a court-martial.
(4) In the performance of his duties the Attorney General shall have the right of audience, in, and shall take precedence over any other person appearing before, any court or tribunal in the Federation.
(5) Subject to Clause (6), the Attorney General shall hold office during the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and may at any time resign his office and, unless he is a member of the Cabinet, shall receive such remuneration as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may determine.
(6) The person holding the office of Attorney General immediately prior to the coming into operation of this Article shall continue to hold the office on terms and conditions not less favourable than those applicable to him immediately before such coming into operation and shall not be removed from office except on the like grounds and in the like manner as a judge of the Supreme Court.
Article 146
146.
(1) Each of the Commissions to which this Part applies shall make an annual report on its activities to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and copies of those reports shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament.
(2) The Public Services Commission shall send a copy of every report made under this Article to the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of each State to members of whose public service their jurisdiction extends, and the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri shall lay it before the Legislative Assembly.
Article 146a
146A. (Repealed).
Article 146b
146B. (Repealed).
Article 146c
146C. (Repealed).
Article 146d
146D. Notwithstanding Clause (2) of Article 134, the jurisdiction of the Police Force Commission shall extend to embers of the public service of the State of Sabah or Sarawak who are seconded to the police force; and for purposes of the Police Force Commission they shall be deemed to be members of the police force.
(2) (Repealed).
(3) (Repealed).
Article 147
147.
(1) The law applicable to any pension, gratuity or other like allowance (in this Article referred to as an "award") granted to a member of any of the public services, or to his widow, children, dependant or personal representatives, shall be that in force on the relevant day or any later law not less favourable to the person to whom the award is made.
(2) For the purposes of this Article the relevant day is -
(a) in relation to an award made before Merdeka Day, the date on which the award was made;
(b) in relation to an award made after Merdeka Day to or in respect of any person who was a member of any of the public services before Merdeka Day, the thirtieth day of August, nineteen hundred and fifty-seven;
(c) in relation to an award made to or in respect of any person who first became a member of any of the public services on or after Merdeka Day, the date on which he first became such a member.
(3) For the purposes of this Article, where the law applicable to an award depends on the option of the person to whom it is made, the law for which he opts shall be taken to be more favourable to him than any other law for which he might have opted.
Article 148
148.
(1) References in this Constitution to a Commission to which this Part applies are, unless the context otherwise requires, references to any of the Commissions established under Articles 138 to 141A.
(2) In this Part "ex officio member" includes a Minister and a judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court and "State Public Service Commission" means, in relation to any State, a Commission exercising functions in respect of members of the public service of the State and corresponding in status and jurisdiction to the Public Services Commission.
PART XI - SPECIAL POWERS
(Special powers against subversion, organised violence, and acts and crimes prejudicial to the public and emergency powers)
Article 149
149.
(1) If an act of parliament recites that action has been taken or threatened by any substantial body of persons, whether inside or outside the Federation -
(a) to cause, or to cause a substantial number of citizens to fear, organised violence against persons or property; or
(b) to excite disaffection against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or any Government in the Federation; or
(c) to promote feelings of ill-will and hostility between different races or other classes of the population likely to cause violence; or
(d) to procure the alteration, otherwise than by lawful means, of anything by law established; or
(e) which is prejudicial to the maintenance or the functioning of any supply or service to the public or any class of the public in the Federation or any part thereof; or
(f) which is prejudicial to public order in, or the security of, the Federation or any part thereof,
any provision of that law designed to stop or prevent that action is valid notwithstanding that it is inconsistent with any of the provisions of Article 5, 9, 10 or 13, or would apart from this Article be outside the legislative power of Parliament; and Article 79 shall not apply to a Bill for such an Act or any amendment to such a Bill.
(2) A law containing such a recital as is mentioned in Clause (1) shall, if not sooner repealed, cease to have effect if resolutions are passed by both Houses of Parliament annulling such law, but without prejudice to anything previously done by virtue thereof or to the power of Parliament to make a new law under this Article.
Article 150
150.
(1) If the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security, or the economic life, or public order in the Federation or any part thereof is threatened, he may issue a Proclamation of Emergency making therein a declaration to that effect.
(2) A Proclamation of Emergency under Clause (1) may be issued before the actual occurrence of the event which threatens the security, or the economic life, or public order in the Federation or any part thereof if the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is satisfied that there is imminent danger of the occurrence of such event.
(2A) The power conferred on the Yang di-Pertuan Agong by this Article shall include the power to issue different Proclamations on different grounds or in different circumstances, whether or not there is a Proclamation or Proclamations already issued by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong under Clause (1) and such Proclamation or Proclamations are in operation.
(2B) If at any time while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, except when both Houses of Parliament are sitting concurrently, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is satisfied that certain circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action, he may promulgate such ordinances as circumstances appear to him to require.
(2C) An ordinance promulgated under Clause (2B) shall have the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament, and shall continue in full force and effect as if it is an Act of Parliament until it is revoked or annulled under Clause (3) or until it lapses under Clause (7); and the power of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to promulgate ordinances under Clause (2B) may be exercised in relation to any matter with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws regardless of the legislative or other procedures required to be followed, or the proportion of the total votes required to be had, in either House of Parliament.
(3) A Proclamation of Emergency and any ordinance promulgated under Clause (2B) shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament and, if not sooner revoked, shall cease to have effect if resolutions are passed by both Houses annulling such Proclamation or ordinance, but without prejudice to anything previously done by virtue thereof or to the power of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to issue a new Proclamation under Clause (1) or promulgate any ordinance under Clause (2B).
(4) While a Proclamation of Emergency is in force the executive authority of the Federation shall, notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, extent to any matter within the legislative authority of a State and to the giving of directions to the Government of a State or to any officer or authority thereof.
(5) Subject to Clause (6A), while a Proclamation of Emergency is in force, Parliament may, not-withstanding anything in this Constitution make laws with respect to any matter, if it appears to Parliament that the law is required by reason of the emergency; and Article 79 shall not apply to a Bill for such a law or an amendment to such a Bill, nor shall any provision of this Constitution or of any written law which requires any consent or concurrence to the passing of a law or any consultation with respect thereto, or which restricts the coming into force of a law after it is passed or the presentation of a Bill to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent.
(6) Subject to Clause (6A), no provision of any ordinance promulgated under this Article, and no provision of any Act of Parliament which is passed while a Proclamation of Emergency is in force and which declares that the law appears to Parliament to be required by reason of the emergency, shall be invalid on the ground of inconsistency with any provision of this Constitution.
(6A) Clause (5) shall not extend the powers of Parliament with respect to any matter of Islamic law or the custom of the Malays, or with respect to any matter of native law or custom in the State of Sabah or Sarawak; nor shall Clause (6) validate any provision inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution relating to any such matter or relating to religion, citizenship, or language.
(7) At the expiration of a period of six months beginning with the date on which a Proclamation of Emergency ceases to be in force, any ordinance promulgated in pursuance of the Proclamation and, to the extent that it could not have been validly made but for this Article any law made while the Proclamation was in force, shall cease to have effect, except as to things done or omitted to be done before the expiration of that period.
(8) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution-
(a) the satisfaction of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong mentioned in Clause (1) and Clause (2B) shall be final and conclusive and shall not be challenged or called in question in any court on any ground; and
(b) no court shall have jurisdiction to entertain or determine any application, question or proceeding, in whatever form, on any ground, regarding the validity of-
(i) a Proclamation under Clauses (1) or of a declaration made in such Proclamation to the effect stated in Clause (1);
(ii) the continued operation of such Proclamation;
(iii) any ordinance promulgated under Clause (2B); or
(iv) the continuation in force of any such ordinance.
(9) For the purpose of this Article the Houses of Parliament shall be regarded as sitting only if the members of each House are respectively assembled together and carrying out the business of the House.
Article 151
151.
(1) Where any law or ordinance made or promulgated in pursuance of this Part provides for preventive detention-
(a) the authority on whose order any person is detained under that law or ordinance shall, as soon as may be, inform him of the grounds for his detention and, subject to Clause (3), the allegations of fact on which the order is based, and shall give him the opportunity of making representations against the order as soon as may be;
(b) no citizen shall continue to be detained under that law or ordinance unless an advisory board constituted as mentioned in Clause (2) has considered any representations made by him under paragraph (a) and made recommendations thereon to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong within three months of receiving such representations, or within such longer period as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may allow.
(2) An advisory board constituted for the purposes of this Article shall consist of a chairman, who shall be ap,pointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and who shall be or have been, or be qualified to be, a judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court, or shall before Malaysia Day have been a judge of the Supreme Court, and two other members, who shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong after consultation with the Lord President of the Supreme Court.
(3) This Article does not require any authority to disclose facts whose disclosure would in its opinion be against the national interest.
PART XII - GENERAL AND MISCELLANEAOUS
Article 152
The national language shall be the Malay language and shall be in such script as Parliament may by law provide: Provided that-
(a) no person shall be prohibited or prevented from using (otherwise than for official purposes), or from teaching or learning, any other language; and
(b) nothing in this Clause shall prejudice the right of the Federal Government or of any State Government to preserve and sustain the use and study of the language of any other community in the Federation.
Notwithstanding the provisions of Clause (1), for a period of ten years after Merdeka Day, and thereafter until Parliament otherwise provides, the English language may be used in both Houses of Parliament, in the Legislative Assembly of every State, and for all other official purposes.
Notwithstanding the provisions of Clause (1), for a period of ten years after Merdeka Day, and thereafter until Parliament otherwise provides, the authoritative texts-
(a) of all Bills to be introduced or amendments thereto to be moved in either House of Parliament, and
(b) of all Acts of Parliament and all subsidiary legislation issued by the Federal Government, shall be in the English language.
Notwithstanding the provisions of Clause (1), for a period of ten years after Merdeka Day, and thereafter until Parliament otherwise provides, all proceedings in the Supreme Court or a High Court shall be in the English language: Provided that, it the Court and counsel on both sides agree, evidence taken in language spoken by the witness need not be translated into or recorded in English.
Notwithstanding the provisions of Clause (1), until Parliament otherwise provides, all proceedings in subordinate courts, other than the taking of evidence, shall be in the English language.
In this Article, "official purpose" means any purpose of the Government, whether Federal or State, and includes any purpose of a public authority.
Article 153
It shall be the responsibility of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to safeguard the special position of the Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak and the legitimate interests of other communities in accordance with the provisions of this Article.
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, but subject to the provisions of Article 40 and of this Article, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall exercise his functions under this Constitution and federal law in such manner as may be necessary to safeguard the special provision of the Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak and to ensure the reservation for Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak of such proportion as he may deem reasonable of positions in the public service (other than the public service of a State) and of scholarships, exhibitions and other similar educational or training privileges or special facilities given or accorded by the Federal Government and, when any permit or licence for the operation of any trade or business is required by federal law, then, subject to the provisions of that law and this Article, of such permits and licences.
The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may, in order to ensure in accordance with Clause (2) the reservation to Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak of positions in the public service and of scholarships, exhibitions and other educational or training privileges or special facilities, give such general directions as may be required for that purpose to any Commission to which Part X applies or to any authority charged with responsibility for the grant of such scholarships, exhibitions or other educational or training privileges or special facilities; and the Commission or authority shall duly comply with the directions.
In exercising his functions under this Constitution and federal law in accordance with Clauses (1) to (3) the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not deprive any person of any public office held by him or of the continuance of any scholarship, exhibition or other educational or training privileges or special facilities enjoyed by him.
This Article does not derogate from the provisions of Article 136.
Where by existing federal law a permit or licence is required for the operation of any trade or business the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may exercise his functions under that law in such manner, or give such general directions to any authority charged under that law with the grant of such permits or licences, as may be required to ensure the reservation of such proportion of such permits or licences for Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may deem reasonable, and the authority shall duly comply with the directions.
Nothing in this Article shall operate to deprive or authorise the deprivation of any person of any right, privilege, permit or licence accrued to or enjoyed or held by him or to authorised a refusal to renew to any person any such permit or licence or a refusal to grant to the heirs, successors or assigns of a person any permit or licence when the renewal or grant might reasonably be expected in the ordinary course of events.
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, where by any federal law any permit or licence is required for the operation of any trade or business, that law may provide for the reservation of a proportion of such permits or licences for Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak; but no such law shall for the purpose of ensuring such a reservation-
(a) deprive or authorise the deprivation of any person of any right, privilege, permit or licence accrued to or enjoyed or held by him;
(b) authorise a refusal to renew to any person any such permit or licence or a refusal to grant to the heirs, successors or assigns of any person any permit or licence when the renewal or grant might in accordance with he other provisions of the law reasonably be expected in the ordinary course of events, or prevent any person from transferring together with his business any transferable licence to operate that business; or
(c) where no permit or licence was previously required for the operation of the trade or business, authorise a refusal to grant a permit or licence to any person for the operation of any trade or business which immediately before the coming into force of the law he had been bona fide carrying on, or authorise a refusal subsequently to renew to any such person any permit or licence, or a refusal to grant to the heirs, successors or assigns of any such person any such permit or licence when the renewal or grant might in accordance with the other provisions of that law reasonably be expected in the ordinary course of events.
(8A) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, where in any University, College and other educational institution providing education after Malaysian Certificate of Education or its equivalent, the number of places offered by the authority responsible for the management of the University, College or such educational institution to candidates for any course of study is less than the number of candidates qualified for such places, it shall be lawful for the Yang di-Pertuan Agong by virtue of this Article to give such directions to the authority as may be required to ensure the reservation of such proportion of such places for Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may deem reasonable, and the authority shall duly comply with the directions.
(9) Nothing in this Article shall empower Parliament to restrict business or trade solely for the purpose of reservations for Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak.
(9A) In this Article the expression "natives" in relation to the State of Sabah or Sarawak shall have the meaning assigned to it in Article 161A.
The Constitution of the State of any Ruler may make provision corresponding (with the necessary modifications) to the provisions of this Article.
Article 154
154.
(1) Until Parliament otherwise determines, the municipality of Kuala Lumpur shall be the federal capital.
(2) Notwithstanding anything in Part VI, Parliament shall have exclusive power to make laws with respect to the boundaries of the federal capital.
(3) (Repealed).
Article 155
155.
(1) Where the law in force in any other part of the Commonwealth confers upon citizens of the Federation any fight or privilege it shall be lawful, notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, for Parliament to confer a similar right or privilege upon citizens of that part of the Commonwealth who are not citizens of the Federation.
(2) The reference in Clause (1) to citizens of a part of the Commonwealth shall be construed, in relation to the United Kingdom or to any other part of the Commonwealth not being a Commonwealth country or a territory administered by the Government of a Commonwealth country other than the United Kingdom, as a reference to citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies.
(3) This Article applies in relation to the Republic of Ireland as it applies in relation to a Commonwealth country.
Article 156
156. Where lands, buildings, or hereditaments are occupied for public purposes by or on behalf of the Federation, a State or a public authority, the Federation, State of public authority shall be liable to pay local rates in respect thereof but shall in aid of those rates make such contributions in respect thereof as may be agreed between the Federation, State of public authority. as the case may be, and the authority levying the rates or as may in default of agreement be determined by a tribunal consisting of the chairman of the Lands Tribunal established under Article 87, who shall preside, and two other members of whom each of the parties concerned shall appoint one.
Article 157
157. Subject to any provisions of State Law, arrangements may be made between any two States for the performance of any functions by the authorities of the one on behalf of the authorities of the other, and such arrangements may provide for the making of payments in respect of any costs incurred under the arrangements.
Article 158
158.
(1) Nothing in this Constitution shall be taken to prohibit the making or continuance of arrangements whereby-
(a) departments, authorities or services are maintained by the Federal Government in common with the Government of Brunei; or
(b) the Federal Government or any officer or authority thereof acts as agent for the Government of Brunei; or
(c) any part of the executive authority of the Federation is exercised, with the consent of the Federal Government, by any officer or authority of the Government of Brunei.
(2) (Repealed).
Article 159
159.
(1) Subject to the following provisions of this Article and to Article 161E the provisions of this Constitution may be amended by federal law.
(2) (Repealed).
(3) A Bill for making any amendment to the Constitution (other than an amendment excepted from the provisions of this Clause) and a Bill for making any amendment to a law passed under Clause (4) of Article 10 shall not be passed in either House of Parliament unless it has been supported on Second and Third Readings by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total number of member of that House.
(4) The following amendments are excepted from the provisions of Clause (3), that is to say:
(a) any amendment to Part III of the Second or to the Sixth or Seventh Schedule;
(b) any amendment incidental to or consequential on the exercise of any power to make law conferred on Parliament by any provision of this Constitution other than Articles 74 and 76;
(bb) Subject to Article 161E any amendment made for or in connection with the admission of any State to the Federation or its association with the States thereof, or any modification made as to the application of this Constitution to a State previously so admitted or associated;
(c) any amendment consequential on an amendment made under paragraph (a).
(5) A law making an amendment to Clause (4) of Article 10, any law passed thereunder, the provisions of Part III, Article 38, 63 (4), 70, 71 (1), 72 (4), 152, or 153 or to this Clause shall not be passed without the consent of the Conference of Rulers.
(6) In this Article "amendment" includes addition and repeal; and in this Article and in Article 2(a) "State" includes any territory.
Article 159a
159A. The provisions of Part IV of the Malaysia Act* (which contains temporary and transitional provisions in connection with the operation of that Act) shall have effect as if embodied in this Constitution, and shall have effect notwithstanding anything in this Constitution as amended by that Act; and the provisions of this Constitution, and in particular Clause (1) of Article 4 and Articles 159 and 161E shall have effect in relation thereto accordingly.
Article 160
160.
(1) The Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance, 1948, as in force immediately before Merdeka Day shall, to the extent specified in the Eleventh Schedule, apply for the interpretation of this Constitution as it applies for the interpretation of any written law within the meaning of that Ordinance, but with the substitution of references to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for references to the High Commissioner.
(2) In this Constitution, unless the context otherwise requires, the following expressions have the meanings hereby respectively assigned to them, that is to say -
"Aborigine" means an aborigine of the Malay Peninsula;
"Act of Parliament" means a law made by Parliament;
"Attorney General" means the Attorney General of the Federation;
"Borrow" includes the raising of money by the grant of annuities or by entering into any arrangement requiring the payment before the due date of any taxes, rates, royalties, fees or any other payments or by entering into any agreement whereby the Government has to repay or refund any benefits that is has enjoyed under that agreement, and "loan" shall be construed accordingly;
"Casual vacancy" means a vacancy arising in the House of Representatives or a Legislative Assembly otherwise than by a dissolution of Parliament or of the Assembly;
"Chief Minister" and "Menteri Besar" both mean the president, by whatever style known, of the Executive Council in a State;
"Citizen" means a citizen of the Federation;
"Civil List" means the provision made for the maintenance of the Yang di-Pertua Agong, his Consort, a Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri out of public funds;
"Commonwealth country" means any country recognised by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to be a Commonwealth country; and "part of the Commonwealth" means any Commonwealth country, any colony, protectorate or protected state or any other territory administered by the Government of any Commonwealth country;
"Concurrent List" means the Third List set out in the Ninth Schedule;
"Debt" includes any liability in respect of any obligation to repay capital sums by way of annuities and any liability under any guarantee, and "debt charges" shall be construed accordingly;
"Elector" means a person who is entitled to vote in an election to the House of Representatives or the Legislative Assembly of a State;
"Enactment", where the expression occurs in the Eighth Schedule, means a law made by the Legislature of a State;
"Executive Council" means the Cabinet or other body, however called, which in the Government of a State corresponds, whether or not the members of it are Ministers, to the Cabinet of Ministers in the Government of the Federation (and in particular includes the Supreme Council in Sarawak);
"Existing law" means any law in operation in the Federation or any part thereof immediately before Merdeka Day;
"Federal law" means -
(a) any existing law relating to a matter with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws, being a law continued in operation under Part XIII, and
(b) any Act of Parliament;
"Federal List" means the First list set out in the Ninth Schedule;
"Federal purposes" includes the purposes of the Federation in connection with matters enumerated in the Concurrent List and with any other matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws otherwise than by virtue of Article 76;
"Foreign country" does not include any part of the Commonwealth or the Republic of Ireland;
"Governor" (Repealed).
"Law" includes written law, the common law in so far as it is in operation in the Federation or any part thereof, and any custom or usage having the force of law in the Federation or any part thereof;
"Legislative Assembly" means the representatives assembly, however called, in the Legislature of a State (and in particular includes the Council Negri in Sarawak), but except in the Eighth Schedule includes also a Legislative Council, however called;
"Legislative Council" (Repealed);
"Legislature", in relation to a State, means the authority having power under the Constitution of that State to make laws for the State;
"Local rates" (Repealed);
"Malay" means a person who professes the religion of Islam, habitually speaks the Malay language, conforms to Malay custom and -
(a) was before Merdeka Day born in the Federation or in Singapore or born of parents one of whom was born in the Federation or in Singapore, or is on that day domiciled in the Federation or in Singapore; or
(b) is the issue of such a person;
"Member of the administration" means, in relation to the Federation, a person holding office as Minister, Deputy Minister, Parliamentary Secretary or Political Secretary and, in relation to a State, a person holding a corresponding office in the State or holding office as member (other than an official member) of the Executive Council;
"Merdeka Day" means the thirty-first day of August, nineteen hundred and fifty-seven;
"Office of profit" means any whole time office in any of the public services, and includes -
(a) the office of any judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court; and
(b) the office of Auditor General; and
(c) the office of a member of the Election Commission, of a member (other than an ex officio member) of a Commission to which Part X applies, or of a member (other that an ex officio member) of any corresponding Commission established by the Constitution of a State; and
(d) any other office not specified in Clause (3) of Article 132 which may be declared by Act of Parliament to be an office of profit;
"Pension rights" includes a superannuation rights and provident fund rights;
"Public authority" means the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the Ruler or Yang di-Pertuan Negeri of a State, the Federal Government, the Government of a State, a local authority, a statutory authority exercising powers vested in it by federal or State law, any court or tribunal other than the Supreme Court and High Courts, or any officer or authority appointed by or acting on behalf of any of those person, courts, tribunals or authorities;
"Remuneration" includes salary or wages, allowances, pension rights, free or subsidised housing, free or subsidised transport, and other privileges capable of being valued in money;
"Rule Committee" (Repealed);
"Ruler" -
(a) in relation to Negeri Sembilan, means the Yang di-Pertuan Besar acting on behalf of himself and the Ruling Chiefs in accordance with the Constitution of that State; and
(b) in the case of any State, includes, except in Article 181 (2) and the Third and Fifth Schedules, any person who in accordance with the Constitution of that State exercises the functions of the Ruler;
"State" means a State of the Federation'
"State law" means -
(a) any existing law relating to a matter with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make law, being a law continued in operation under Part XIII; and
(b) a law made by the Legislature of a State;
"State List" means the Second List set out in the Ninth Schedule;
"State purposes" includes, in relation to any State, the purposes of the State in connection with matters enumerated in the Concurrent List and with any other matters with respect to which the Legislature of the State has power to make laws;
"Tax" includes an impost or a duty but does not include a rate levied for local purposes or a fee for services rendered;
"The Federation" means the Federation established under the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1957;
"Written law" includes this Constitution and the Constitution of any State;
"Yang di-Pertuan Negeri" means the Head of State in a State not having a Ruler.
(3) Unless the context otherwise requires, any reference in this Constitution to a specified Part, Article or Schedule is a reference to that Part or Article of, or that Schedule to, this Constitution, any reference to a specified chapter, clause, section or paragraph is a reference to that chapter of the Part, that clause of the Article, that section of the Schedule, or that paragraph of that clause or section, in which the reference occurs; and any reference to a group of Articles, sections or divisions of Articles or sections shall be construed as including both the first and the last member of the group referred to.
(4) Where under this Constitution a person is required to take and subscribe an oath, he shall be permitted, if he so desires, to comply with that requirement by making and subscribing an affirmation.
(5) References in this Constitution to the Federation and its States and to the territories of the Federation or any of its States, and to any officer holding office under the Federation or any authority or body in or for the Federation shall be construed -
(a) in relation to any time after the coming into operation of the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, and before Merdeka Day, as references to the Federation established under that Agreement, and the States and Settlements comprising it and to the territories of that Federation or any of the States and Settlements comprising it, and to the corresponding office holding office thereunder or the corresponding authority or body in or for that Federation;
(b) in relation to any time before the coming into operation of the said Agreement (so far as the context admits) as references to such of the countries, territories, offices, authorities or bodies for the construction of references to which provision was made by Clause 135 (2) of the said Agreement, as may be appropriate.
(6) References in this Constitution to any period shall be construed, so far as the context admits, as including references to a period beginning before Merdeka Day.
(7) References in this Constitution to the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, shall be construed, except where the context otherwise require, as references to that Agreement as in force immediately before Merdeka Day.

PART XIIA - ADDITIONAL PROTECTIONS FOR STATES OF SABAH AND SARAWAK
Article 161
161.
(1) No Act of Parliament terminating or restricting the use of the English language for any of the purposes mentioned in Clauses (2) to (5) of Article 152 shall come into operation as regards the use of the English language in any case mentioned in Clause (2) of this Article until ten years after Malaysia Day.
(2) Clause (1) applies -
(a) to the use of the English language in either House of Parliament by a member for or from the State of Sabah or Sarawak; and
(b) to the use of the English language for proceedings in the High Court in Borneo or in a subordinate court in the State of Sabah or Sarawak, or for such proceedings in the Supreme Court as are mentioned in Clause (4); and
(c) to the use of the English language in the State of Sabah or Sarawak in the Legislative Assembly or for other official purposes (including the official purposes of the Federal Government).
(3) Without prejudice to Clause (1), no such Act of Parliament as is there mentioned shall come into operation as regards the use of the English language for proceedings in the High Court in Borneo or for such proceedings in the Supreme Court as are mentioned in Clause (4), until the Act or the relevant provision of it has been approved by enactments of the Legislatures of the States of Sabah and Sarawak; and no such Act shall come into operation as regards the use of the English language in the State of Sabah or Sarawak in any other case mentioned in paragraph (b) or (c) of Clause (2), until the Act or the relevant provision of it has been approved by an enactment of the Legislature of that State.
(4) The proceedings in the Supreme Court referred to in Clauses (2) and (3) are any proceedings on appeal from the High Court in Borneo or a judge thereof, and any proceedings under Clause (2) of Article 128 for the determination of a question which has arisen in proceedings before the High Court in Borneo or a ubordinate court in the State of Sabah or Sarawak.
(5) Notwithstanding anything in Article 152, in the State of Sabah or Sarawak a native language in current use in the State may be used in native courts or for any code of native law and custom, and in the case of Sarawak, until otherwise provided by enactment of the Legislature, may be used by a member addressing the Legislative Assembly or any committee thereof.
Article 161a
161A. (1), (2) and (3) (Repealed).
(4) The Constitutions of the States of Sabah and Sarawak may make provision corresponding (with the necessary modifications) to Article 153.
(5) Article 89 shall not apply to the State of Sabah or Sarawak, and Article 8 shall not invalidate or prohibit any provision of State law in the State of Sabah or Sarawak for the reservation of land for natives of the State or for alienation to them, or for giving them preferential treatment as regards the alienation of land by the State.
(6) In this Article "native" means-
(a) in relation. to Sarawak, a person who is a citizen and either belongs to one of the races specified in Clause (7) as indigenous to the State or is of mixed blood deriving exclusively from those races; and
(b) in relation to Sabah, a person who is a citizen, is the child or grandchild of a person of a race indigenous to Sabah, and was born (whether on or after Malaysia Day or not) either in Sabah or to a father domiciled in Sabah at the time of the birth.
(7) The races to be treated for the purposes of the definition of "native" in Clause (6) as indigenous to Sarawak are the Bukitans, Bisayahs, Dusuns, Sea Dayaks, Land Dayaks, Kadayans, Kalabit, Kayans, Kenyags (Including Sabups and Sipengs), Kajangs (including Sekapans,. Kejamans, Lahanans, Punans, Tanjongs dan Kanowits), Lugats, Lisums, Malays, Melanos, Muruts, Penans, Sians, Tagals, Tabuns and Ukits.
Article 161b
161B.
(1) In so far as any provision made by or under an Act of Parliament, by removing or altering a residence qualification, confers a right to practise before a court in the States of Sabah and Sarawak or either of them on persons not previously having the right, that provision shall not come into operation until adopted in the States or State in question by an enactment of the Legislature.
(2) This Article shall apply to the right to practise before the Supreme Court when sitting in the States of Sabah and Sarawak and entertaining proceedings on appeal from the High Court in Borneo or a judge thereof or proceedings under Clause (2) of Article 128 for the determination of a question which has arisen in proceedings before the High Court in Borneo or a subordinate court in the State of Sabah or Sarawak.
Article 161c
161C. (Repealed)
Article 161d
161D. (Repealed)
Article 161e
161E.
(1) As from the passing of the Malaysia Act no amendment to the Constitution made in connection with the admission to the Federation of the State of Sabah or Sarawak shall be excepted from Clause (3) of Article 159 by Clause (4) (bb) of that Article; nor shall any modification made as to the application of the Constitution to the State of Sabah or Sarawak be so excepted unless the modification is such as to equate or assimilate the position of that State under the Constitution to the position of the States of Malaya.
(2) No amendment shall be made to the Constitution without the concurrence of the Yang di-Pertuan Negeri of the State of Sabah or Sarawak or each of the States of Sabah and Sarawak concerned, if the amendment is such as to affect the operation of the Constitution as regards any of the following matters:
(a) the right of persons born before Malaysia Day to citizenship by reason of a connection with the State, and (except to the extent that different provision is made by the Constitution as in force on Malaysia Day) the equal treatment, as regards their own citizenship and that of others, or persons born or resident in the State and of persons born or resident in the States of Malaya;
(b) the constitution and jurisdiction of the High Court in Borneo and the appointment, removal and suspension of judges of that court;
(c) the matters with respect to which the Legislature of the State may (or Parliament may not) make laws, and the executive authority of the State in those matters, and (so far as related thereto) the financial arrangements between the Federation and the State;
(d) religion in the State, the use in the State or in Parliament of any language and the special treatment of natives of the State;
(e) the allocation to the State, in any Parliament summoned to meet before the end of August, 1970, of a quota of members of the House of Representatives not less, in proportion to the total allocated to the other States which are members of the Federation in Malaysia Day, than the quota allocated to the State on that Day.
(3) No amendments to the Constitution which affects its operation as regards the quota of members of the House of Representatives allocated to the State of Sabah or Sarawak shall be treated for purposes of Clause (1) as equating or assimilating the position of that State to the position of the States of Malaya.
(4) In relation to any rights and powers conferred by federal law on the Government of the State of Sabah or Sarawak as regards entry into the State and residence in the State and matters connected therewith (whether or not the law is passed before Malaysia Day) Clause (2) shall apply, except in so far as the law provides to the contrary, as if the law had been embodied in the Constitution and those rights and powers had been included among the matters mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (e) of that Clause.
(5) In this Article "amendment" includes addition and repeal.
Article 161f
161F. (Repealed).
Article 161g
161G. (Repealed).
Article 161h
161H. (Repealed).

PART XIII - TEMPORARY AND TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS
Article 162
162.
(1) Subject to the following provisions of this Article and Article 163, the existing laws shall until repealed by the authority having power to do so under this Constitution, continue in force on and after Merdeka Day, with such modifications as may be made therein under this Article and subject to any amendments made by federal or State law.
(2) Where any State law amends or repeals an existing law made by the Legislature of a State, nothing in Article 75 shall invalidate the amendment or repeal by reason only that the existing law, relating to a matter with regard to which Parliament as well as the Legislature of a State has power to make laws, is federal law as defined by Article 160.
(3) References in any existing law to the Federation established by the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, and its territories, and to any officer holding office under that Federation or to any authority or body constituted in or for that Federation (including any references falling to be construed as such references by virtue of Clause 135 of the said Agreement) shall be construed, in relation to any time on and after Merdeka Day, as references to the Federation (that is to say, the Agreement, 1957) and its territories and to the corresponding officer, authority or body respectively; and the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may by order declare what office, authority or body is to be taken for the purposes of this Clause to correspond to any officer, authority or body referred to in any existing law.
(4) (Repealed).
(5) Any order made under Clause (4) may be amended or repealed by the authority having power to make laws with respect to the matter to which the order relates.
(6) any court or tribunal applying the provision of any existing law which has not been modified on or after Merdeka Day under this Article or otherwise may apply it with such modifications as may be necessary to bring it into accord with the provision of this Constitution.
(7) In this Article "modification" includes amendment, adaptation and repeal.
Article 163
163. (Repealed).
Article 164
164. (Repealed).
Article 165
165. (Repealed).
Article 166
166.
(1) (Repealed).
(2) (Repealed).
(3) Any land vested in the State of Malacca or the State of Penang which immediately before Merdeka Day was occupied or used by the Federation Government or Her Majesty's Government or by any public authority for purposes which in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution become federal purposes shall on and after that day be occupied, used, controlled and managed by the Federal Government or, as the case may be, the said public authority, so long as it is required for federal purposes, and -
(a) shall not be disposed of or used for any purposes other that federal purposes without the consent of the Federal Government, and
(b) shall not be used for federal purposes different from the purposes for which it was used immediately before Merdeka Day without the consent of the Government of the State.
(4) (Repealed).
(5) (Repealed).
(6) (Repealed).
(7) (Repealed).
(8) Any property which was, immediately before Merdeka Day, liable to escheat to Her Majesty in respect of the Government of Malacca or the Government of Penang shall on that day be liable to escheat to the State of Malacca or the State of Penang, as the case may be.
Article 167
167.
(1) (Repealed).
(2) (Repealed).
(3) (Repealed).
(4) (Repealed).
(5) (Repealed).
(6) The Attorney General shall, on the application of any party interested in any legal proceedings, other than proceedings between the Federation and a State, certify whether any right, liability or obligation is by virtue of this Article a right, liability or obligation of the Federation or of a State named in the certificate, and any such certificate shall for the purposes of those proceedings be final and binding on all courts, but shall not operate to prejudice the rights and obligations of the Federation and any State as between themselves.
(7) The Federation shall make the like annual payments as fell to be made before Merdeka Day under Article II of the Treaty made on the sixth day of May, eighteen hundred and sixty-nine, between Her Majesty of the one part and the King of Siam of the other part relative to the State of Kedah.
Article 168
168. (Repealed).
Article 169
169. For the purposes of Article 76 (1) -
(a) any treaty, agreement or convention entered into before Merdeka Day between Her Majesty or her predecessors or the Government of the United Kingdom on behalf of the Federation or any part thereof and another country shall be deemed to be a treaty, agreement or convention between the Federation and that other country;
(b) any decision taken by an international organisation and accepted before Merdeka Day by the Government of the United Kingdom on behalf of the Federation or any part thereof shall be deemed to be a decision of an international organisation of which the Federation is a member;
(c) in relation to the States of Sabah and Sarawak paragraphs (a) and (b) shall apply with the substitution of references to Merdeka Day and of references to the territories comprised in those State or any of them for the references to the Federation or any part thereof.
Article 170
170. (Repealed).
Article 171
171. (Repealed).
Article 172
172. (Repealed).
Article 173
173. (Repealed).
Article 174
174. (Repealed).
Article 175
175. The person holding office as Director of Audit immediately before Merdeka Day shall, as from that day, hold office as Auditor General on terms and conditions not less favourable that those applicable to him immediately before Merdeka Day.
Article 176
176.
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitutions and any existing law, all persons serving in connection with the affairs of the Federation immediately before Merdeka Day shall continue to have the same powers and to exercise the same functions on Merdeka Day on the same terms and conditions as were applicable to them immediately before that day.
(2) This Article does not apply to the High Commissioner or the Chief Secretary.
Article 177
177. A person who, under any provision of this Parts, holds office under the Federation by virtue of having been the holder of a corresponding office immediately before Merdeka Day may, until Parliament otherwise provides, perform his functions without taking the oath required in the case of other holders of that office.
Article 178
178. Until Parliament otherwise provides, the remuneration payable to the person holding offices of Prime Minister and other Ministers shall be the same as was payable immediately before Merdeka Day, to the Chief Minister and other Minister of the Federation respectively.
Article 179
179. Any agreement in force immediately before Merdeka Day relating to the proportion of the remuneration payable by the Federation and any State in respect of any such employment as is mentioned in Article 133 (2) shall continue in force until superseded by a new agreement or federal law.
Article 180
180.
(1) The Tenth Schedule to the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, shall continue in force on and after Merdeka Day, but with the modification that any reference therein to the High Commissioner shall be construed as a reference to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
(2) The said Schedule shall for the purposes of this Constitution be deemed to be federal law and may, subject to the provisions of Article 147, be amended and repealed accordingly.
(3) In its application to any law made under Clause (2) of Article 147 shall have effect as if references therein to an award included compensation.

PART XIV - SAVING FOR RULERS' SOVEREIGNTY, ETC.
Article 181
Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the sovereignty, prerogative, powers and jurisdiction of the Rulers and the prerogatives, powers and jurisdiction of the Ruling Chiefs of Negeri Sembilan within their respective territories as hitherto had and enjoyed shall remain unaffected.
No proceedings whatsoever shall be brought in any court against the Ruler of a State in his personal capacity.